FEU Public Intellectual Lecture Series | Sonny Africa | Part 2

00:33:48
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ln6YmMH43C4

概要

TLDRLa vidéo aborde les défis économiques et environnementaux aux Philippines, en soulignant le lien entre croissance économique et inégalités ainsi que les impacts des politiques gouvernementales sur l'agriculture et le changement climatique. Les riziculteurs sont particulièrement affectés par l'augmentation des températures et les intrants agricoles coûteux, cumulés à une concurrence étrangère à bas prix. Le gouvernement est critiqué pour sa prise de position favorable aux riches, au dépens de mesures pour remédier à la pauvreté et aux inégalités. Les mouvements sociaux jouent un rôle crucial pour mobiliser les citoyens et remettre en question les politiques économiques et environnementales actuelles. En parallèle, les dépenses militaires sont vues comme un frein au développement social, détournant des ressources précieuses des secteurs de la santé et de l'éducation. Malgré ces défis, la vidéo encourage à défier la propagande et à s'organiser pour des changements positifs.

収穫

  • 🌾 Les agriculteurs philippins souffrent de la combinaison du changement climatique et des politiques agraires.
  • 🔥 L'industrialisation et la croissance économique ont un coût environnemental croissant.
  • 🚜 Les riziculteurs font face à des baisses de productivité et à des intrants plus chers.
  • 🏢 Les politiques gouvernementales actuelles favorisent les riches et négligent les pauvres.
  • 📊 Les inégalités économiques persistent et augmentent les tensions sociales.
  • 📚 Les mouvements sociaux sont cruciaux pour contester les injustices.
  • 💼 Le budget et la taxation ne répondent pas aux besoins de la majorité.
  • 🇵🇭 La popularité de Duterte ne garantit pas des politiques correctes.
  • 🔍 La vigilance citoyenne face à la propagande gouvernementale est essentielle.
  • 🛡️ Le budget militaire pourrait être réalloué pour le développement humain.

タイムライン

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Le désir d'améliorer ou d'accélérer la croissance économique est souvent associé à l'amélioration des conditions de vie des populations. Cependant, à mesure que l'on débat du développement, de l'industrialisation et de la désindustrialisation, l'agriculture soulève des préoccupations environnementales. Les agriculteurs, notamment les riziculteurs, sont confrontés à des défis liés au changement climatique, à des intrants coûteux et à la concurrence étrangère. Par conséquent, la production de riz aux Philippines diminue et le pays devient plus dépendant des importations, tandis que les agriculteurs luttent pour survivre dans des conditions économiques difficiles.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    La réponse du gouvernement aux catastrophes naturelles, exacerbées par le changement climatique, est insuffisante. En matière d'énergie et de transport, le choix des politiques reste axé sur des solutions à base de combustibles fossiles et sur le maintien de la circulation privée, ce qui aggrave davantage les problèmes climatiques et environnementaux. Le gouvernement semble privilégier les profits des entreprises énergétiques et des consommateurs industriels plutôt que de promouvoir l'énergie renouvelable et de réduire la pollution. Cela reflète une hésitation à confronter les intérêts des riches et des grandes entreprises.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Il existe une incapacité structurelle à répondre adéquatement aux besoins éducatifs et de santé de la population en raison d'une allocation budgétaire insuffisante. Cette insuffisance est exacerbée par une politique fiscale favorisant les riches et les grandes entreprises, réduisant ainsi les ressources disponibles pour les services publics vitaux. Une telle disparité conduit à une crise sociale et économique où les riches s'enrichissent au détriment des pauvres, alimentant potentiellement des problèmes sociaux comme la criminalité et l'abus de drogues.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Le manque d'institutions politiques et de mécanismes de régulation économique favorise la corruption à haut niveau et les crimes d'entreprises, empêchant un développement équitable. L'accumulation de richesses par une minorité au pouvoir provoque une détresse économique parmi les masses et un sentiment de désespoir menant à des crimes par nécessité. Cette inégalité socio-économique alarmante nécessite des changements institutionnels pour favoriser un développement juste. Toutefois, les budgets militaires qui augmentent et les campagnes de répression ciblent souvent les pauvres et les dissidents.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Malgré la montée de l'opposition aux politiques injustes sous le gouvernement actuel, celui-ci tend à renforcer son emprise à travers des politiques libérales de marché et une répression accrue. Les augmentations budgétaires pour les secteurs militaires et policiers visent à maintenir l'ordre au détriment de la justice sociale. Cependant, l'opposition persistante à ces politiques répressives montre les efforts de la société civile pour réclamer un changement fondamental de l'organisation socio-économique en faveur des masses marginalisées.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:33:48

    Face à la domination élitaire, les mouvements sociaux constituent une réponse nécessaire à long terme. Des efforts éducatifs pour contrer la propagande gouvernementale et sensibiliser la population sont cruciaux. Les progrès seront lents, mais l'engagement citoyen reste essentiel pour un véritable changement démocratique. Malgré la popularité apparente de l'administration actuelle, une prise de conscience croissante critique de ses politiques pourrait à terme mener à un renouveau socio-économique.

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マインドマップ

Mind Map

よくある質問

  • Quel est l'impact du changement climatique sur les agriculteurs aux Philippines ?

    Le changement climatique affecte la productivité agricole, notamment celle des riziculteurs, en augmentant les températures et rendant les intrants agricoles plus coûteux.

  • Quels sont les défis mentionnés pour les agriculteurs en termes de production de riz ?

    Les agriculteurs de riz sont confrontés à la baisse de productivité due au changement climatique, à la baisse de la fertilité des sols nécessitant plus d'engrais coûteux, et à la concurrence de bas prix du riz importé.

  • Comment le gouvernement philippin est-il critiqué dans la vidéo ?

    Le gouvernement est critiqué pour son manque d'attention et de réponse appropriée aux impacts du changement climatique et pour favoriser les riches au détriment des pauvres dans ses politiques économiques.

  • Pourquoi la popularité de Duterte est-elle discutée ?

    Bien que Duterte soit populaire parmi les Philippines, la vidéo suggère que cette popularité ne reflète pas nécessairement la correction de ses politiques, mais plutôt une efficacité du gouvernement en matière de propagande.

  • Quel est le rôle des mouvements sociaux mentionnés ?

    Les mouvements sociaux sont vus comme essentiels pour s'opposer aux politiques injustes et inéquitables, en informant le public et en l’organisant autour de faits.

  • Quels sont les impacts des inégalités économiques mentionnés ?

    Les inégalités économiques aux Philippines sont grandes, avec une concentration de la richesse au sommet, entraînant des taux élevés de criminalité et des abus de pouvoir.

  • Quelles solutions sont proposées pour les problèmes économiques discutés ?

    Les solutions incluent la création de plus d'emplois, de meilleurs salaires, une redistribution des ressources et un système éducatif et de santé robuste.

  • Quelle est la critique de la taxation aux Philippines selon la vidéo ?

    La vidéo critique la réduction des impôts pour les riches et les grandes entreprises, ce qui limite les ressources du gouvernement pour investir dans les services sociaux.

  • Quel est le message final de la vidéo ?

    Elle encourage les individus à défier les mensonges du gouvernement et à s'organiser pour améliorer leurs vies malgré les défis posés par le régime actuel.

  • Pourquoi le budget militaire est-il critiqué ?

    Il est critiqué car il pourrait être réaffecté au développement humain, et il est perçu comme un moyen de réprimer l'opposition et de maintenir le statu quo en faveur des élites.

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  • 00:00:00
    [Music]
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    because it's also that the desire to
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    improve
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    or to accelerate economic growth has
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    always been associated with
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    uplifting the lives of people now if
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    there's this basic assumption that if
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    the economy grows
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    if your gdp shows a positive growth no
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    everyone is
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    i know everyone benefits now but as you
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    were talking about development
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    industrialization or
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    de-industrialization then i also was
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    reflecting on agriculture now
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    is there like an environmental cost
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    that we are now paying for especially
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    the porn
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    the marginalized are they is there a
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    cause in terms of
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    the enviro of the environmental
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    conditions
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    no um in terms of climate change for
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    example is this
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    an issue that is related as well to
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    economics
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    um again let's be very a bit more
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    specific to make it more
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    manageable rice farmers rice farmers now
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    are being squeezed on three fronts
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    they're being squeezed on one front by
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    climate change
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    increasing temperatures actually affects
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    crop growth it
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    lower it tends to lower productivity so
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    that's one pressure point
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    lowering farmers tending to lower
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    farmers incomes because it
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    it's like a force of gravity dragging
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    crop productivity down
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    they also squeeze on a second front by
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    expensive inputs
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    because over the decades of going
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    towards high yielding varieties
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    you've had the soil bombarded with
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    chemicals um
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    you know fertilizers herbicides
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    genetically
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    they've been sort of bombarded with
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    chemicals again affecting
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    their nutrient capacity so that's why
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    fertilizer is so important right now
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    because the soil has been killed over
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    decades
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    you need more fertilizers to produce the
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    same amount of
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    um of of crops yield
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    so you have two fronts now um increase
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    in temperatures affecting productivity
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    you have decreasing soil fertility um
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    need to be compensated by expensive farm
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    inputs
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    so on the productivity side rice farmers
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    are being squeezed
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    on the third front they're now being
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    squeezed by cheap prices for their
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    products because of cheap competition
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    from abroad
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    so how are farmers affected right now
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    because of
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    a long-term lack of government attention
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    to climate change
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    because of an immediate problem of the
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    government
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    relying on chemical intensive farming
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    driving their farmers expenses up and
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    then
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    the rice stabilization law driving
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    farmers incomes down
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    rice farmers on the losing end of all of
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    that in the end they
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    are bottom line they're earning less
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    money now than they were before
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    and again they're being driven off the
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    land and they're not producing anymore
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    with the two
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    bad effects mentioned earlier as rice
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    farmers as individuals at those
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    filipinos
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    they're going to go bankrupt and in
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    terms of the philippine economy
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    rice production is going to be much
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    lower now we're going to be much more
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    dependent on imported rice
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    in the coming decades than we have been
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    in the past decades
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    that's an interesting point because you
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    were mentioning on how
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    climate change has contributed towards
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    increasing poverty in the philippines
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    lowering opportunities now and also i
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    guess the more important question there
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    is
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    what is the government doing because you
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    mentioned government
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    neglect has been systematized now it's
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    actually it's
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    part of the institution itself but
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    are there actual measures being
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    undertaken because you mentioned the
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    agricultural sector definitely
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    um i'm guessing there's also an impact
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    to the
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    fisherfo to those in aquacultures
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    aqua cultural production and i'm also
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    guessing there is there an impact on the
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    urban poor no
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    so given all these things now is there
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    government is there an
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    an effort from the government because
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    you're saying it impacts economy
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    it impacts growth climate change
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    is there are there any efforts by the
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    government not to mitigate and perhaps
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    hopefully
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    a long-term plan towards addressing
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    issues on climate change and the economy
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    well of course the most obvious response
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    to the hazards of climate change is when
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    disasters can happen no calamities
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    happen so i think
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    improving people's capacity to respond
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    to a natural disaster
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    that's something where the government
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    has had quite a lot of difficulty um
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    i'm dealing with so again i think your
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    land is quite fresh in our minds um
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    the problematic response long-term
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    response to yolanda with a lot of
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    affected families still not having
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    enough livelihoods right now still being
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    not having not be able to return to
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    their homes especially in the coastal
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    areas
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    i think that's that's a whole
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    cluster of issues but i said i want to
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    step back because from a long-term
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    development perspective
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    that notion that there is a problem with
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    climate change
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    has to be at the heart a lot of a lot of
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    our decision making
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    um to again to be very specific if we
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    take to heart that climate change is
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    happening
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    if we take the heart that government
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    decisions about
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    policies affecting the power sector or
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    the traffic
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    situation matter to climate change then
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    some
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    difficult decisions will have to be made
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    in terms of power for instance
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    if you accept the climate change the
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    problem if you accept fossil fuels worse
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    than climate change
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    the government should stop relying on
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    coal plants
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    but i think 70 to 75 percent of um
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    new power coming online in the next five
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    to ten years
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    is still coming from coal plants so
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    that's a problem there because
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    they're not taking too hard climate
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    change is a problem
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    because they're actually going to be
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    contributing to the problem they're
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    still being overreliant on
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    on fossil fuel power traffic
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    it's so obvious if there's one major
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    source of pollution
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    in fernando's metro manila it's private
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    vehicles
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    what's the solution to that two things
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    you improve the public transport
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    system but also you lessen the private
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    vehicles on the road
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    not the buses a car that has like one or
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    two
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    people riding in it but what this is an
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    oil guzzling suv
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    an suv but the government is not
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    addressing
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    the individualized private mass
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    privatized
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    um private mass transport problem so
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    if you look at those two just those two
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    examples the fossil fuel dependent power
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    and the trafficiation metro manila the
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    government has made the policy choice
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    it is scared to aggravate the welfare of
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    the rich
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    why cheap coal is very profitable
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    for the energy firms energy firms
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    want cheap coal the companies buying
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    energy from coal plants want the cheap
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    power
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    the government has refused to step in
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    and subsidize
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    renewable energy because it's too
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    expensive for them and it's not
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    profitable
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    either for the um private firm producing
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    the coal
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    we're going to make a quick buck in the
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    next five years or for the
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    downstream energy consumers will benefit
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    the cheap
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    the cheap power so the government there
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    has taken the side of
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    power producers and the power consumers
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    industrial power consumers
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    to say okay forget about the fossil
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    fuel impact on climate change keep your
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    profits
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    let's do the the fossil fuel dependent
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    power um power path
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    in terms of mass transport it's so
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    straightforward
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    limit the number of private cars on the
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    road but the government is so they're
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    pussyfooting around
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    all these wealthy suv owners that
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    they're not actually doing anything
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    to limit the number of private cars on
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    the road because they didn't want to
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    antagonize again
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    the wealthy owners of the cars of course
  • 00:08:10
    they're going to be middle classes
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    but that's not their main interest and
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    again
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    that's a good i think for me a good
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    example of how if you are going to be
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    posted footing around the interests and
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    profits of a few
  • 00:08:21
    you will not be able to make the long
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    term difficult choices that will benefit
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    the many
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    so i think that's you know two little
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    sort of
  • 00:08:30
    pocket examples of a wrong
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    policy attitude to development policy in
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    the country but are
  • 00:08:36
    those because you're mentioning about
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    you were talking about
  • 00:08:40
    the government addressing these issues
  • 00:08:43
    no aren't
  • 00:08:44
    isn't the national budget a reflection
  • 00:08:46
    of the government trying to address
  • 00:08:47
    these issues for example
  • 00:08:49
    i think um there's there has been an
  • 00:08:51
    increase in the budget for
  • 00:08:53
    education i think for a lot of the
  • 00:08:54
    government agencies handling education
  • 00:08:57
    there was an increase in their
  • 00:08:58
    budget allocation isn't that a
  • 00:09:01
    reflection of the government
  • 00:09:02
    trying to address all these issues about
  • 00:09:04
    poverty unemployment
  • 00:09:06
    the environmental costs of development
  • 00:09:09
    or
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    exploiting natural resources isn't the
  • 00:09:11
    isn't the government budget showing that
  • 00:09:14
    um it's i think one-sided to just look
  • 00:09:18
    at the
  • 00:09:19
    size of the education budget as an
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    indicator of the priority being given
  • 00:09:23
    what's more important
  • 00:09:24
    the size of the budget vis-a-vis the
  • 00:09:26
    needs
  • 00:09:28
    so yes it's true if you look at well
  • 00:09:30
    actually debt servicing
  • 00:09:31
    but if you look at the sectoral data of
  • 00:09:33
    the budget education does
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    take the biggest amount but that's
  • 00:09:39
    we shouldn't celebrate the government
  • 00:09:40
    doing what it's supposed to be doing
  • 00:09:42
    and we shouldn't measure the priority
  • 00:09:44
    given to education just in terms of how
  • 00:09:46
    much of the budget is going there
  • 00:09:48
    we should measure is the education
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    budget enough
  • 00:09:52
    for the needs of the student population
  • 00:09:54
    um
  • 00:09:55
    to take the budget for example there's
  • 00:09:57
    about a hundred thousand backlog of
  • 00:09:59
    schools right now
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    um in public schools in the country the
  • 00:10:03
    government budget for 2020
  • 00:10:05
    i think only provides for 8 000 schools
  • 00:10:09
    so you have a deficit of 98 92 000.
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    so they'll give it a big number this is
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    how much was
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    in education okay so you're prioritizing
  • 00:10:19
    it
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    time out how much are needed we need a
  • 00:10:23
    hundred thousand schools
  • 00:10:24
    how much are you funding for just eight
  • 00:10:26
    thousand
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    that's the better measure of the
  • 00:10:29
    priority being given to education
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    if you're not filling up the backlogs
  • 00:10:33
    it's a chronic
  • 00:10:34
    school backlog classroom backlog teacher
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    backlog
  • 00:10:38
    teaching materials backlog that is your
  • 00:10:41
    sign of how much parity the government
  • 00:10:42
    is giving to education and i think if
  • 00:10:44
    you unpack
  • 00:10:45
    not just education budget even the
  • 00:10:47
    health budget the housing budget
  • 00:10:49
    you will see that beyond these seemingly
  • 00:10:51
    impressive big numbers
  • 00:10:53
    it is still grossly insufficient for the
  • 00:10:55
    needs of the population
  • 00:10:56
    and again it's a chicken and egg they'll
  • 00:10:57
    say yeah but we don't have enough money
  • 00:11:00
    and we would argue you know why you
  • 00:11:01
    don't have enough money
  • 00:11:03
    because you're cutting taxes on the rich
  • 00:11:05
    you're cutting taxes on wealthy families
  • 00:11:07
    who are paying less personal income tax
  • 00:11:08
    less estate tax less donors tax
  • 00:11:11
    now you want to cut the taxes paid by
  • 00:11:14
    large corporations 75
  • 00:11:16
    of corporate income taxes paid with
  • 00:11:17
    large corporations you want to cut that
  • 00:11:19
    it doesn't make sense the government
  • 00:11:21
    can't complain that it doesn't have
  • 00:11:22
    resources
  • 00:11:24
    if it's making the policy choice to
  • 00:11:25
    liberate the rich
  • 00:11:27
    and big corporations from paying higher
  • 00:11:29
    taxes and if anything
  • 00:11:31
    under the guise of competitiveness
  • 00:11:33
    lowering those taxes
  • 00:11:34
    so you know there actually is a bizarre
  • 00:11:37
    logic
  • 00:11:38
    operating here the government is unduly
  • 00:11:41
    bias towards
  • 00:11:42
    um the wealthiest sectors of society
  • 00:11:46
    and just sort of in a way being a bit
  • 00:11:48
    deceitful to the needs
  • 00:11:50
    um to meeting the needs of the majority
  • 00:11:52
    that's an excellent point because now
  • 00:11:54
    you're saying that
  • 00:11:55
    there's a crisis ongoing because of that
  • 00:11:57
    particular political choice
  • 00:11:59
    to favor the rich over the poor are
  • 00:12:01
    there like tangible
  • 00:12:03
    visible consequences of this notion that
  • 00:12:06
    the rich should have should be entitled
  • 00:12:08
    to more and the poor should have less
  • 00:12:09
    now
  • 00:12:10
    because at the at present if we're
  • 00:12:12
    following this train of logic
  • 00:12:14
    that you know uh that the rich get
  • 00:12:17
    richer the poor get poorer you know
  • 00:12:19
    aren't there consequences in terms of uh
  • 00:12:21
    you know like um
  • 00:12:22
    crime rates drug abuse no isn't there a
  • 00:12:26
    correlation between poverty and those
  • 00:12:28
    um factors that are impacting society
  • 00:12:30
    today
  • 00:12:31
    you know i think there are huge
  • 00:12:32
    implications um
  • 00:12:35
    if we sort of want to profile philippine
  • 00:12:37
    society right now
  • 00:12:38
    it's hugely unequal um looking beyond
  • 00:12:41
    these
  • 00:12:42
    super low poverty lines that the
  • 00:12:44
    government is setting if the government
  • 00:12:45
    have 70 pesos a day you're no longer
  • 00:12:47
    poor that's that's too low
  • 00:12:50
    if you look at income levels half the
  • 00:12:53
    filipino families about 11 to 12 million
  • 00:12:55
    filipino families
  • 00:12:56
    they're trying to survive on 15 000
  • 00:12:59
    pesos
  • 00:13:00
    or much less the poorest families have
  • 00:13:02
    nothing to three thousand pairs a month
  • 00:13:04
    so half the philippine population
  • 00:13:08
    is struggling on family income of 15 000
  • 00:13:11
    pesos earliest
  • 00:13:12
    on the other hand you have maybe the
  • 00:13:14
    richest two two and a half
  • 00:13:16
    percent of the population with incomes
  • 00:13:18
    reaching
  • 00:13:19
    15 16 17 million pesos a month so it's a
  • 00:13:22
    huge inequality
  • 00:13:24
    huge concentration of wealth on the top
  • 00:13:26
    huge gaps in terms of incomes on the
  • 00:13:28
    bottom
  • 00:13:29
    what does that create in terms of our
  • 00:13:31
    society well
  • 00:13:33
    if people are desperate they will be
  • 00:13:35
    driven to find
  • 00:13:36
    their own means to to to become
  • 00:13:38
    wealthier so i think a lot of the petty
  • 00:13:40
    crime
  • 00:13:41
    comes from people at the bottom not
  • 00:13:43
    having enough i mean i think
  • 00:13:44
    i think this article of faith people
  • 00:13:46
    would not be criminals
  • 00:13:48
    if they didn't have to i mean you can do
  • 00:13:50
    it on a bell curve
  • 00:13:51
    there may be some residues who really
  • 00:13:53
    want the adrenaline rush but i think
  • 00:13:55
    as a whole i'm i'm a believer that most
  • 00:13:58
    people especially predict criminals
  • 00:13:59
    they're delivered to that out of
  • 00:14:01
    desperation or perhaps you can assume
  • 00:14:02
    that impoverished people
  • 00:14:04
    if they commit crimes it's crime so
  • 00:14:06
    they're crimes of necessity rather than
  • 00:14:08
    yeah
  • 00:14:08
    so they're compelled by family
  • 00:14:10
    circumstances you know
  • 00:14:11
    not having enough table any food on the
  • 00:14:14
    table a sick family member i i'm
  • 00:14:16
    kind of sure that a lot of the petty
  • 00:14:18
    crimes at the lowest level are driven by
  • 00:14:21
    executive but driven by necessity so how
  • 00:14:23
    do you solve that
  • 00:14:24
    of course over the long term i think a
  • 00:14:26
    more stable society with more jobs
  • 00:14:29
    more decent incomes proper social
  • 00:14:31
    services
  • 00:14:32
    they'll take away that compulsion that
  • 00:14:35
    social
  • 00:14:36
    necessity to be driven to crime
  • 00:14:39
    because you know because people are
  • 00:14:41
    better off saying there's a direct
  • 00:14:43
    there's a debt correlation i believe
  • 00:14:44
    between the over level of economic
  • 00:14:46
    development
  • 00:14:47
    and the crime rate especially at the
  • 00:14:49
    betty and the petty crime level
  • 00:14:51
    second problem that concentration of
  • 00:14:53
    wealth actually also creates the
  • 00:14:55
    conditions
  • 00:14:55
    for criminality at those levels
  • 00:14:59
    why because i think there's a tendency
  • 00:15:01
    towards abuse of power
  • 00:15:03
    we have untransparent governance if we
  • 00:15:05
    have
  • 00:15:06
    too much discretion being given to a few
  • 00:15:08
    people
  • 00:15:09
    in in key government um positions
  • 00:15:13
    i think the tendency is you will be
  • 00:15:14
    unleashing this
  • 00:15:16
    unfortunate profit-driven motive or
  • 00:15:18
    wealth seeking motive of a few
  • 00:15:20
    and if there are no institutional checks
  • 00:15:22
    on that corruption
  • 00:15:24
    either transparency and accountability
  • 00:15:25
    of of government officials
  • 00:15:28
    regulation of profit seeking of
  • 00:15:29
    corporations i think that
  • 00:15:31
    sort of desire by a few who are in power
  • 00:15:34
    to enrich themselves even more
  • 00:15:36
    will be given much greater play so again
  • 00:15:39
    i i also believe that
  • 00:15:40
    we have to sort out for a more stable
  • 00:15:42
    economy not just the inequality
  • 00:15:45
    lift people up so there's no compulsion
  • 00:15:48
    for crimes of necessity
  • 00:15:49
    but also part of development have
  • 00:15:52
    institutions
  • 00:15:53
    political institutions and economic
  • 00:15:55
    regulatory mechanisms
  • 00:15:57
    to reign in which i think is a big
  • 00:16:00
    problem
  • 00:16:00
    training high-level corruption in
  • 00:16:03
    high-level corporate crime which is
  • 00:16:04
    happening
  • 00:16:05
    i think right now i think you know
  • 00:16:06
    there's so many stories about
  • 00:16:09
    the biggest land grabbers in the country
  • 00:16:11
    it's not the poor land grabbers
  • 00:16:12
    it's the rich foreign grabbers why did
  • 00:16:15
    they get away with it
  • 00:16:16
    because there's an accommodating
  • 00:16:17
    government official
  • 00:16:19
    giving legitimacy to their land so i
  • 00:16:22
    think
  • 00:16:22
    we have to address that high level
  • 00:16:24
    criminality as well because i was
  • 00:16:26
    thinking about the military spending and
  • 00:16:27
    military budget
  • 00:16:28
    and i was also reflecting on because
  • 00:16:31
    there's this assumption or there's this
  • 00:16:33
    claim by the government that crime has
  • 00:16:34
    been increasing which is i think
  • 00:16:35
    contradictory because they're saying
  • 00:16:37
    there's development then there should be
  • 00:16:38
    lower crime
  • 00:16:40
    i was thinking about why why is the
  • 00:16:42
    government spending highly on military
  • 00:16:45
    on its military budget because i think
  • 00:16:47
    recently there has been an increase in
  • 00:16:48
    the surveillance budget of the various
  • 00:16:50
    institutions now and then you also have
  • 00:16:53
    it's a very
  • 00:16:54
    i think a very convoluted way of looking
  • 00:16:55
    at it you have an increase in the
  • 00:16:57
    military budget
  • 00:16:58
    then you have the anti um
  • 00:17:01
    the anti-drugs campaign which has
  • 00:17:04
    targeted i think mostly the poor
  • 00:17:06
    and then you have the crackdown on the
  • 00:17:08
    leftists
  • 00:17:09
    on the people on dissent specifically
  • 00:17:12
    although the more common poster child
  • 00:17:14
    for this would be the left now
  • 00:17:15
    i was thinking how is this all related
  • 00:17:17
    to what you're saying about inequitable
  • 00:17:19
    distribution of wealth
  • 00:17:20
    and the government refusing to address
  • 00:17:22
    these issues because
  • 00:17:24
    you're also you were also mentioning the
  • 00:17:25
    government doesn't have budget no
  • 00:17:27
    why wouldn't it be wouldn't it be
  • 00:17:28
    prudent to transfer some of the
  • 00:17:30
    govern of the funding from ensuring
  • 00:17:33
    peace and order and transferring it to
  • 00:17:35
    development or human development um
  • 00:17:39
    well for me you know it's so easy to get
  • 00:17:41
    sucked into the awfulness of the
  • 00:17:43
    situation
  • 00:17:44
    i mean that is so depressing um so for
  • 00:17:46
    me it might be defense mechanism
  • 00:17:48
    i'd like to step back from what's
  • 00:17:51
    specifically happening under
  • 00:17:52
    the administration look at it in a
  • 00:17:54
    longer continuum of social development
  • 00:17:58
    the way i get sanity out of that is
  • 00:18:00
    unfortunately what's happening right now
  • 00:18:01
    is
  • 00:18:02
    we have an economy and a society and a
  • 00:18:04
    polity
  • 00:18:05
    that for decades has become more and
  • 00:18:07
    more unequal
  • 00:18:08
    it's created deep poverty it's
  • 00:18:11
    aggravated and worsened inequality
  • 00:18:13
    in the economy including also capture of
  • 00:18:16
    political institutions
  • 00:18:18
    so i think that's been happening over
  • 00:18:19
    the last four decades right now
  • 00:18:21
    ironically since the return of democracy
  • 00:18:23
    um post-marcos the post-market
  • 00:18:25
    dictatorship
  • 00:18:26
    i think that worsening trend towards
  • 00:18:28
    economic and democracy
  • 00:18:30
    and political and democracy it's created
  • 00:18:32
    conditions for people to complain
  • 00:18:34
    and that's why i again as i work in the
  • 00:18:37
    nonprofit sector
  • 00:18:38
    we welcome and in all forms of
  • 00:18:40
    resistance to
  • 00:18:42
    poverty inequality or development
  • 00:18:44
    because if
  • 00:18:45
    the grassroots sectors if people's
  • 00:18:47
    organizations from the basic sectors
  • 00:18:48
    aren't making noise
  • 00:18:50
    it won't fix itself it's not as
  • 00:18:52
    self-regulation means self-regulation
  • 00:18:53
    for the wealthy for the powerful so for
  • 00:18:55
    us
  • 00:18:56
    the four decades of increasing poverty
  • 00:18:58
    inequality and development
  • 00:19:00
    has gained the conditions for
  • 00:19:01
    strengthening movements outside of
  • 00:19:03
    government
  • 00:19:04
    to shatter that elite hold over over
  • 00:19:07
    society
  • 00:19:08
    so that gives me sanity to see what's
  • 00:19:10
    happening now because
  • 00:19:11
    it seems that what's happening with the
  • 00:19:13
    administration this upsurge of
  • 00:19:15
    opposition to that
  • 00:19:17
    unjust inequitable system the system is
  • 00:19:19
    fighting back
  • 00:19:21
    specifically the elite dominated system
  • 00:19:23
    is fighting back
  • 00:19:24
    because the gov the third administration
  • 00:19:26
    is implementing even worse free market
  • 00:19:28
    policies it even wants to change
  • 00:19:30
    the philippine constitution to
  • 00:19:32
    completely
  • 00:19:33
    shift to um a new liberal um economic
  • 00:19:36
    policy regime
  • 00:19:38
    so i think it's oppositional um because
  • 00:19:41
    there's such an upsurge of protest
  • 00:19:43
    against injustice inequity
  • 00:19:46
    the system wants to become even more
  • 00:19:49
    unjust inequitable the way to do that
  • 00:19:52
    you put down the forces for
  • 00:19:53
    for change and i think increasing budget
  • 00:19:56
    for the military increasing budget for
  • 00:19:57
    the police
  • 00:19:58
    that's in a way it's a fascist trend to
  • 00:20:01
    suppress
  • 00:20:02
    those opposed change in the system of
  • 00:20:04
    course it's a packaged as
  • 00:20:06
    anti-crime is in order but the question
  • 00:20:08
    is
  • 00:20:09
    piece for whom order for whom i think in
  • 00:20:11
    the long-term perspective what we're
  • 00:20:13
    seeing right now is
  • 00:20:14
    we're seeing a system creating a more
  • 00:20:16
    peaceful and orderly
  • 00:20:18
    society to preserve the wealth
  • 00:20:20
    privileges
  • 00:20:21
    of the rich which is a long-term problem
  • 00:20:24
    because that means preserving or even
  • 00:20:26
    worsening injustice inequity
  • 00:20:28
    in philippine society so for us it's
  • 00:20:29
    such a huge challenge right now
  • 00:20:32
    i think we have to look at the sort of
  • 00:20:34
    long-term trajectory because
  • 00:20:36
    it won't change overnight um and if
  • 00:20:38
    people expect that
  • 00:20:39
    you will oppose it now the changes
  • 00:20:40
    overnight it's a recipe for
  • 00:20:43
    um demoralization and despair i think
  • 00:20:45
    it's happening over the long term our
  • 00:20:48
    change time frame should also be over
  • 00:20:51
    the long term
  • 00:20:52
    we should invest now i think for that
  • 00:20:54
    because that's a very interesting point
  • 00:20:55
    because you were talking about how
  • 00:20:57
    this is actually part of this it's not
  • 00:21:01
    surprising no it's not um it's not
  • 00:21:03
    surprising that
  • 00:21:04
    conditions have uh been on a downtrend
  • 00:21:06
    because that's how the system was
  • 00:21:08
    designed in the first place now
  • 00:21:09
    but the underlying question there is if
  • 00:21:12
    there is extreme poverty
  • 00:21:13
    if there is joblessness if there is if
  • 00:21:16
    we're in a crisis so to speak an
  • 00:21:17
    economic crisis
  • 00:21:18
    that has led to the impoverishment and
  • 00:21:20
    even death of
  • 00:21:22
    of countless philippines no how come
  • 00:21:24
    duterte is very
  • 00:21:25
    popular among the poor and the
  • 00:21:27
    marginalized because
  • 00:21:28
    what the government is saying recent
  • 00:21:30
    surveys have actually shown that there
  • 00:21:31
    is complete and utter faith no
  • 00:21:33
    in duterte's policy in the deterrent
  • 00:21:35
    economics framework no
  • 00:21:36
    in the duterte policies of ensuring um
  • 00:21:40
    not just social order but also um
  • 00:21:42
    industrial growth
  • 00:21:44
    um i i think that the equate popularity
  • 00:21:47
    with correctness is
  • 00:21:49
    a bit of a problem um popularity is a
  • 00:21:51
    subjective notion
  • 00:21:52
    um so i think just because first i'm not
  • 00:21:55
    buying into the service entirely but
  • 00:21:57
    again for the sake of argument
  • 00:21:59
    if you believe the surveys 80 i think 75
  • 00:22:02
    80 percent
  • 00:22:02
    support duterte um that does not
  • 00:22:06
    at all show that duterte is doing
  • 00:22:09
    something correct that is not at all
  • 00:22:11
    established the government economic
  • 00:22:12
    policies correct
  • 00:22:14
    at most it will show 75 to 80 percent of
  • 00:22:16
    people
  • 00:22:17
    believe what the government is doing is
  • 00:22:19
    correct but i think
  • 00:22:20
    that that's where the challenge is for
  • 00:22:22
    us um what do we use as a framework for
  • 00:22:24
    assessing administration
  • 00:22:26
    do we go the ultra-democratic way it's
  • 00:22:27
    about a popular it's a popularity
  • 00:22:29
    contest
  • 00:22:30
    what's popular is therefore correct
  • 00:22:33
    we disagree for us what is correct is an
  • 00:22:36
    economy
  • 00:22:37
    creating enough jobs creating enough
  • 00:22:39
    incomes for the majority
  • 00:22:41
    an economy where the poor don't have to
  • 00:22:43
    worry about their health care their
  • 00:22:45
    schooling
  • 00:22:46
    up at the tertiary level or their
  • 00:22:48
    housing an economy where there is
  • 00:22:50
    genuine peace or in the community not a
  • 00:22:52
    piece of the grave
  • 00:22:53
    but because their solidarity is a
  • 00:22:55
    harmonious community because
  • 00:22:57
    people respect each other and for us on
  • 00:22:59
    those three parameters of
  • 00:23:00
    what we feel are our important
  • 00:23:02
    development metrics
  • 00:23:04
    the credit administration is
  • 00:23:06
    unfortunately continuing the trend of
  • 00:23:07
    past administrations
  • 00:23:09
    joblessness is getting worse even if
  • 00:23:11
    it's disguised incomes are actually
  • 00:23:13
    getting
  • 00:23:13
    um even more unequal despite glorifying
  • 00:23:16
    so many billionaires landing in the
  • 00:23:18
    forbes list
  • 00:23:19
    that's even a sign of further inequality
  • 00:23:21
    actually that's
  • 00:23:22
    that's a bit of take on that that's not
  • 00:23:24
    a good thing that shows how
  • 00:23:26
    where is that wealth coming from why
  • 00:23:27
    this is not why did it not go to the
  • 00:23:30
    majority instead and again we have to
  • 00:23:33
    unpack
  • 00:23:33
    the the free tuition that covers that's
  • 00:23:36
    a good step
  • 00:23:37
    but it only covers half the tertiary
  • 00:23:39
    amsterdam population
  • 00:23:40
    universal healthcare it seems like it's
  • 00:23:43
    good but it's buying into a privatized
  • 00:23:45
    expensive private sector driven health
  • 00:23:48
    framework
  • 00:23:49
    and of course peace and order we
  • 00:23:50
    completely disagree we have to believe
  • 00:23:52
    in
  • 00:23:53
    the importance of um people's
  • 00:23:55
    mobilizations of democratic institutions
  • 00:23:58
    beyond what the government says is
  • 00:23:59
    correct the government wants sort of
  • 00:24:01
    people to be like mind this lemmings
  • 00:24:03
    following authority
  • 00:24:05
    i think that's not a decent conception
  • 00:24:06
    of democracy and even if
  • 00:24:08
    75 to 80 percent of people survey say
  • 00:24:11
    believe that
  • 00:24:12
    that might be because the government has
  • 00:24:14
    such control over the
  • 00:24:16
    public propaganda system it is such a
  • 00:24:19
    good spokesperson by duterte who seems
  • 00:24:21
    authentic who comes across as you know
  • 00:24:24
    my heart is for the poor despite um
  • 00:24:26
    clear evidence of the contrary i think
  • 00:24:28
    if anything
  • 00:24:29
    if that's 75 to 80 it's true it's more
  • 00:24:32
    to the credit of the government's
  • 00:24:34
    propaganda
  • 00:24:36
    disinformation machinery more than
  • 00:24:38
    really reflecting the government is on
  • 00:24:40
    the right path
  • 00:24:42
    that's a good point because now you're
  • 00:24:43
    talking about an alternative framework
  • 00:24:45
    not
  • 00:24:46
    an alternative perspective towards
  • 00:24:47
    development what needs to be done
  • 00:24:49
    but if the government seems to have
  • 00:24:51
    deficiencies in terms of
  • 00:24:53
    addressing those frameworks the natural
  • 00:24:55
    burden of course the burden would now
  • 00:24:57
    shift to
  • 00:24:58
    society to address these particular
  • 00:25:00
    issues now bearing on
  • 00:25:01
    that's the problem now you have poverty
  • 00:25:04
    you have on the other you have on the
  • 00:25:06
    other hand on one aspect poverty
  • 00:25:08
    you have on the other um an increasing
  • 00:25:11
    control of the government over
  • 00:25:13
    media propaganda and then you also have
  • 00:25:16
    a crackdown on dissent now
  • 00:25:18
    what how would social movements in
  • 00:25:20
    particular how would the people risk
  • 00:25:22
    how could they adapt or address these
  • 00:25:24
    particular challenges
  • 00:25:27
    first i think it's important not to
  • 00:25:29
    treat the government homogenously
  • 00:25:31
    um our group even foundation works very
  • 00:25:33
    closely with a lot of levels of the
  • 00:25:35
    government bureaucracy
  • 00:25:36
    and if you say they're about maybe one
  • 00:25:39
    one and a half that most two million
  • 00:25:41
    government
  • 00:25:43
    employees and officials we don't need
  • 00:25:45
    them homogeneously
  • 00:25:47
    our problem is not the one and a half to
  • 00:25:48
    two million government machinery our
  • 00:25:51
    problem is maybe the few
  • 00:25:53
    tens of thousands of elite thinking
  • 00:25:56
    government officials so that's the
  • 00:25:57
    problem because they're
  • 00:25:58
    actually in power they're the ones who
  • 00:25:59
    want well of course
  • 00:26:02
    long discussion about how how should you
  • 00:26:05
    know um
  • 00:26:05
    of uh liberal notion of democratic
  • 00:26:09
    elections how should it operate and it's
  • 00:26:10
    a
  • 00:26:10
    that's not really it but a very messy
  • 00:26:12
    discussion yeah but first off
  • 00:26:14
    i want to sort of say outright we don't
  • 00:26:16
    believe the government as whole is the
  • 00:26:17
    problem
  • 00:26:18
    we believe the overwhelming majority of
  • 00:26:20
    government bureaucrats
  • 00:26:22
    employees are right thinking decent
  • 00:26:25
    filipinos
  • 00:26:25
    our problem is those setting policy
  • 00:26:28
    okay so we have to be clear on that and
  • 00:26:31
    that is actually what gives us
  • 00:26:32
    confidence that
  • 00:26:34
    within the government bureaucracy most i
  • 00:26:36
    think
  • 00:26:37
    will just follow what what the
  • 00:26:40
    institution tells them because you're an
  • 00:26:42
    employee
  • 00:26:42
    if you don't behave you're thrown out of
  • 00:26:44
    a job so you're kind of in a way
  • 00:26:47
    um caught held by the neck so i think
  • 00:26:49
    they're not the problem the problem is
  • 00:26:50
    the few
  • 00:26:52
    second second point we do believe in
  • 00:26:54
    democracy coming from the ground and
  • 00:26:55
    from the outside
  • 00:26:57
    if it comes from educating people more
  • 00:26:59
    about what's happening
  • 00:27:01
    we have to address government propaganda
  • 00:27:03
    the train law
  • 00:27:04
    huge propaganda 99 of filipino houses
  • 00:27:07
    benefiting that is wrong
  • 00:27:08
    but the government used their platforms
  • 00:27:11
    to
  • 00:27:12
    propagate that they bought media outfits
  • 00:27:14
    to propagate that
  • 00:27:16
    they were buying for public forum space
  • 00:27:19
    to propagate that so for us education is
  • 00:27:21
    so important
  • 00:27:22
    so we think out of the 110 million
  • 00:27:25
    filipino population right now
  • 00:27:27
    huge change for social movements combat
  • 00:27:30
    government propaganda
  • 00:27:31
    with facts and then get let people just
  • 00:27:35
    start thinking that yeah maybe things
  • 00:27:37
    aren't the way the government is saying
  • 00:27:39
    second step we have to make our voices
  • 00:27:41
    sorry we have to organize and
  • 00:27:43
    that that takes time and again going
  • 00:27:45
    back to the early discussion
  • 00:27:46
    in a way it's a backhanded compliment to
  • 00:27:48
    social movements that the government is
  • 00:27:50
    cracking down
  • 00:27:51
    because if you're not a threat they
  • 00:27:53
    won't do this you're not
  • 00:27:55
    sort of shaking things up or being a
  • 00:27:57
    sort of uh um
  • 00:28:00
    for change they just ignore you so for
  • 00:28:03
    us
  • 00:28:03
    i think it actually affirms we have
  • 00:28:05
    gotten somewhere
  • 00:28:06
    huge we're facing huge difficulties but
  • 00:28:09
    this affirmation if we reach out to
  • 00:28:10
    enough people
  • 00:28:12
    they will organize themselves they will
  • 00:28:13
    mobilize for what they believe in
  • 00:28:16
    we're being challenged right now by a
  • 00:28:18
    you know very authoritarian regime
  • 00:28:19
    let's just fight back let's just keep on
  • 00:28:21
    pushing based on facts
  • 00:28:23
    let's keep them pushing based on what we
  • 00:28:24
    believe is correct just keep on pushing
  • 00:28:26
    despite
  • 00:28:27
    being being attacked physically being
  • 00:28:30
    threatened
  • 00:28:31
    you know um and trying to be put down
  • 00:28:34
    and our
  • 00:28:34
    our faith is that beyond duterte
  • 00:28:37
    is going to go away authoritarian regime
  • 00:28:39
    another one might succeed duterte
  • 00:28:41
    but one thing that will never go away
  • 00:28:43
    people will want to improve their lives
  • 00:28:45
    and as long as people realize
  • 00:28:47
    an elite dominated economy in political
  • 00:28:49
    system will not improve your life
  • 00:28:51
    that's a fact as long as that's a fact
  • 00:28:53
    people will always rise up against that
  • 00:28:55
    system
  • 00:28:56
    thank you very much sunny so again it's
  • 00:28:58
    as if it's as if
  • 00:29:00
    the message really here is that it
  • 00:29:03
    one cannot really just rely on the
  • 00:29:05
    system and the government to address
  • 00:29:07
    these economic
  • 00:29:08
    the consequences of economics or the
  • 00:29:11
    economic
  • 00:29:12
    policy no there's also a substantial
  • 00:29:14
    shall we say
  • 00:29:15
    resp or there's a sort of like a
  • 00:29:18
    responsibility among its citizenry
  • 00:29:20
    to actually address these issues thank
  • 00:29:23
    you for challenging
  • 00:29:24
    challenging challenging those very
  • 00:29:25
    individualistic notions of
  • 00:29:27
    no no we're part of the system so i
  • 00:29:29
    think
  • 00:29:30
    it's as simple as that it's not just an
  • 00:29:32
    enemy
  • 00:29:34
    there's a system that we're part of and
  • 00:29:36
    we can change that because we're part of
  • 00:29:38
    the system and i think
  • 00:29:39
    it's that sort of notion that we can do
  • 00:29:41
    something
  • 00:29:42
    we have to hold on to that we should not
  • 00:29:44
    believe that
  • 00:29:45
    the market is everything we have to
  • 00:29:46
    succumb to that we have to resist that
  • 00:29:49
    we cannot believe that what the
  • 00:29:50
    government says is correct he's in order
  • 00:29:53
    we have to resist that and i think once
  • 00:29:54
    we have the point of conversion that we
  • 00:29:56
    can do something because we're part of
  • 00:29:58
    the system
  • 00:29:59
    i think that sets in motion a process it
  • 00:30:01
    won't be overnight
  • 00:30:02
    but it sets in motion a process that
  • 00:30:04
    will have i think a happy ending
  • 00:30:05
    [Music]
  • 00:30:07
    from now sometimes yeah because there's
  • 00:30:09
    always this hope now that
  • 00:30:10
    you know um even through crisis as long
  • 00:30:14
    as people respond
  • 00:30:15
    and it's a long-term project obviously
  • 00:30:17
    you know even this rise of populism
  • 00:30:19
    it is a consequence of a historical
  • 00:30:21
    process now about
  • 00:30:22
    of of how people eventually became they
  • 00:30:25
    felt disempowered because of their lack
  • 00:30:27
    of political social uh political
  • 00:30:29
    economic power
  • 00:30:29
    and then they're suddenly resorting to
  • 00:30:32
    you know
  • 00:30:32
    they're grasping at straw so because out
  • 00:30:35
    of desperation
  • 00:30:37
    i think it's a populist moment um i
  • 00:30:40
    i completely believe people society as a
  • 00:30:44
    whole
  • 00:30:44
    knows what's best for them um i think
  • 00:30:47
    this particular populist moment was um
  • 00:30:50
    wrong thinking elite individuals
  • 00:30:52
    exploiting people's frustrations
  • 00:30:54
    but i think it's a moment because we
  • 00:30:56
    will learn
  • 00:30:58
    knowledge is cumulative knowledge is
  • 00:31:00
    never
  • 00:31:01
    going to go backward to the dark ages i
  • 00:31:03
    think as long as we
  • 00:31:05
    believe that knowledge is always
  • 00:31:07
    cumulative that we will always keep
  • 00:31:08
    learning
  • 00:31:09
    we will learn to go beyond these
  • 00:31:11
    populist moments authoritarian regimes
  • 00:31:13
    we will build a better society
  • 00:31:14
    and humanity will is learning
  • 00:31:18
    humanity will improve maybe not in your
  • 00:31:20
    lifetime maybe in my lifetime
  • 00:31:23
    so thank you very much very critical
  • 00:31:25
    points perhaps
  • 00:31:26
    we've already discussed it but just to
  • 00:31:27
    reiterate do you have any final words
  • 00:31:29
    regarding
  • 00:31:30
    you know the state of the country and of
  • 00:31:32
    course a call for perhaps for people to
  • 00:31:34
    participate in
  • 00:31:35
    activities maybe ebon's activities now
  • 00:31:38
    regarding these
  • 00:31:39
    issues i think right now ebon we're just
  • 00:31:41
    a small ngo
  • 00:31:43
    but we're very very fact-based so i
  • 00:31:44
    think i would exhort especially
  • 00:31:46
    people in the academe the youth let's
  • 00:31:49
    hold on to our facts um
  • 00:31:50
    unfortunately i don't want to say this
  • 00:31:52
    but i'm going to say it unfortunately
  • 00:31:53
    the government is telling us
  • 00:31:55
    willingly on truths they're lying so i
  • 00:31:58
    think
  • 00:31:59
    our main responsibility right now let's
  • 00:32:01
    interrogate everything the government
  • 00:32:02
    says
  • 00:32:03
    a lot of it is true it's not completely
  • 00:32:05
    untrue but some key points of analysis
  • 00:32:08
    and facts are actually untrue so i would
  • 00:32:10
    export people
  • 00:32:11
    keep asking don't take things for at
  • 00:32:14
    face value
  • 00:32:15
    ebon we have our website wwebin.org we
  • 00:32:19
    have frequent forums
  • 00:32:21
    engage us if we're wrong we'll correct
  • 00:32:23
    it because like i said
  • 00:32:25
    we believe knowledge is cumulative as
  • 00:32:27
    long as people know what's happening
  • 00:32:28
    they will act for them better so for us
  • 00:32:31
    it's just not right now
  • 00:32:32
    we're in a particular moment where it's
  • 00:32:34
    a government of untruth let's just keep
  • 00:32:36
    on challenging government on truths
  • 00:32:38
    believe the true things they say
  • 00:32:40
    question the untruths they say
  • 00:32:42
    thank you very much sarina so just to
  • 00:32:44
    conclude no um
  • 00:32:45
    there's this popular saying seek truth
  • 00:32:47
    from facts no
  • 00:32:49
    and inevitably you know we will always
  • 00:32:51
    be confronted with
  • 00:32:53
    information that needs to be unpacked
  • 00:32:56
    analyzed and then later on even after
  • 00:32:58
    this process
  • 00:32:59
    it needs to be further questioned
  • 00:33:01
    economic data and even perceptions on
  • 00:33:04
    poverty
  • 00:33:04
    they need to be challenged because
  • 00:33:06
    otherwise
  • 00:33:08
    society will be unable to move forward
  • 00:33:10
    if we keep accepting
  • 00:33:12
    manufactured and unchallenged
  • 00:33:14
    perceptions and information
  • 00:33:16
    so thank you very much for watching this
  • 00:33:18
    session of the public intellectual
  • 00:33:19
    lecture series i am leo for the
  • 00:33:21
    from the interdisciplinary studies
  • 00:33:22
    department good day
  • 00:33:39
    [Music]
  • 00:33:45
    [Music]
  • 00:33:48
    you
タグ
  • Philippines
  • changement climatique
  • inégalités économiques
  • agriculture
  • riz
  • politiques gouvernementales
  • développement durable
  • mouvements sociaux
  • injustice sociale