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FELIX OBERHOLZER-GEE:
For many people,
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strategy is a little
bit of a mystery.
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Often, we have a sense, in
order to know what strategy is,
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you have to be super senior.
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If there are a lot
of job experience,
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it seems very complicated.
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Nonsense.
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Strategy's simple.
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It's a plan to create value.
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The way a company plans to
create that value, that's
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the strategy of the company.
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[MUSIC PLAYING]
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Of course, it's natural
to look at financials.
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What are your margins,
what's profitability, what's
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the return on invested
capital, and that,
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of course, shows the
result of strategy.
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It's an endpoint.
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It's a consequence.
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It's not actually
where we start.
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The strategy is about looking
forward, seeing the future,
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planning for the future.
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We want to start with a
sense of how much value do
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we create in the first place.
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Value for customers, value
for employees, and value
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for suppliers.
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Value is the difference
between willingness
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to pay and willingness to sell.
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There's a really
straightforward and simple way
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to show this in a figure.
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The figure is called
a value stick,
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and literally
imagine at the top,
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we have willingness to pay.
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At the bottom, we have
willingness to sell,
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and the difference
between the two
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is the value that
the company creates.
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If I'm more successful,
if I create more value,
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I can only do this in two
ways, either by increasing
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willingness to pay or by
decreasing willingness to sell.
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Now, I'm going to ask, OK, so
what is willingness to pay?
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What is willingness to sell?
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Willingness to pay
describes customers.
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It's the most a
customer would ever
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pay for a product or a service.
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Charge me once cent more, and
I'm better off not buying.
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Now, the company is not going
to give away its products,
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of course, and so over
charging a particular price,
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the price has to be
below willingness to pay,
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otherwise people will not buy.
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The success for
customers is just
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a difference between
willingness to pay and price.
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I don't know about you.
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I have a hard time
waking up in the morning.
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My willingness to pay for
that first cup of coffee, $7,
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$8 easily.
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I go to Dunkin'
Donuts every day.
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They sell me coffee for $2.
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Big difference between
my willingness to pay
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and the price.
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There is a lot of value
created for customers.
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Customer delight, the difference
between willingness to pay
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and price, is significant.
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Willingness to sell is a little
less intuitive than willingness
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to pay.
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Willingness to sell is the
least amount of compensation
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that an employee would
accept and still work
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for this particular company.
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So think of a person
trying to sell.
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I could sell my
work to company A.
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I could sell my
work to company B.
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How do I choose between the two?
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How fabulous is the job?
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How interesting is it?
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Will I like my colleagues?
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Value for employees is the
difference between compensation
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and my willingness to sell.
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It's a measure of the
quality between what
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the person is
looking for in work
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and what the company can offer.
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[MUSIC PLAYING]
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So total value created is the
difference between willingness
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to pay and willingness
to sell, and then it
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gets split three ways.
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Some of it goes to customers.
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That's the difference between
willingness to pay in price.
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Some of it goes to
employees, that's
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the difference between
willingness to sell
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and compensation,
and the middle wedge.
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That's the margin
of the company.
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That's financial success.
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In the end, how
profitable an organization
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reflects the amount of
overall value creation.
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So one natural question
is, what are the ways
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I can raise willingness to pay?
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And there are really
three buckets.
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The first one is the quality of
your product or your service,
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where quality can mean
very different things
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to different people.
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But the higher the quality,
more appealing the product,
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the more appealing to
service, the higher
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is willingness to pay.
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And then there are
two different ways
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to also increase
willingness to pay
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that are a little less obvious.
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The first one is with
the help of complements.
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A complement is a
product or a service
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that supports willingness
to pay of something else.
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Think razor, razorblade.
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Think printer and cartridges,
think espresso and espresso
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machines, and espresso capsules.
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And the third is
network effects.
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For some products in some
situations, the more popular
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the product is, the more
widespread its adoption,
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the greater my
willingness to pay.
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Social media is a great example.
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If all my friends
are on Instagram,
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oh, it's so much better
to also be on Instagram.
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My willingness to pay will
increase as the adoption
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of Instagram increases.
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There are really two ways to be
more attractive in the market
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for talent.
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The first one is I should
pay you more money.
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The moment I pay you
more money, of course,
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I'm going to be more competitive
in the marketplace for talent.
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The second option
that seems similar
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is I make the job a better job.
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I create more attractive
working conditions.
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Maybe I have a
better training plan.
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Maybe I have more
generous promotion rules.
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Maybe you can work
three days from home.
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Whenever I make the job a
better job, willingness to sell
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is going to go down.
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And so at the beginning
you might think,
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these things are
really the same.
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If I pay more money, I create
more value for my employees,
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and if I make a
job a better job,
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I lower willingness to sell,
and that does the same thing.
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It creates more value, but
there is a big difference.
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If I pay more, that
just shifts value
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from the company to the
staff, to the employees.
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There's no value created.
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Value is just redistributed
between the company
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and the people who
work for the company.
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If I make work more attractive,
if the job is a better job,
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willingness to sell goes
down, and that actually
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creates value.
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[MUSIC PLAYING]
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Let's talk about the
specific example.
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You might know Best
Buy, the electronics
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retailer in the United States.
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And if you go back
say, 10 years or so,
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everybody, including
myself, everybody
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was convinced that Best Buy was
going to go out of business.
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Why?
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Many other electronics retailers
had gone out of business,
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and with roughly
1,000 stores, it just
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seemed impossible to
compete against Amazon.
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At one point in time
Best Buy lost $1 billion
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in a single quarter, and then
a new CEO comes in eventually,
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and remember, strategy
is not complicated.
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It's all about either
increasing willingness to pay
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or decreasing
willingness to sell,
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and that's exactly what he does.
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Instead of building big
distribution centers,
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big warehouses from
which you ship online,
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he starts thinking about
every store as a warehouse
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and they start shipping
from each individual store
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typically from a store that is
just down the road from where
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you are.
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We increase willingness to
pay by having better shipping
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times, and then a second idea
has to do with the retail store
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environment.
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He goes to Microsoft, he goes
to Samsung, he goes to Lenovo,
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and he says, well, you can
go down the Apple route
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and you can build really
beautiful freestanding stores
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at millions and
millions of dollars
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or you can have a store in
a store inside Best Buy,
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where people are
shopping for electronics
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products in the first place
at a fraction of the cost,
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lowering willingness to sell
for the vendors to Best Buy.
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Now, what does it
mean for employees?
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Instead of selling
innumerable products,
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now, I'm dedicated to the
store in a store that's
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the Microsoft store or the
store in the store that
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is the Sony store.
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I know so much more about
the products I have.
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I can do a much better job
helping customers figure out
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which products are
exactly right for them.
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My job is easier, I
feel more successful.
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Willingness to sell
drops, and if you
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look at employee engagement
surveys at Best Buy,
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they are at an all time high
after these big changes.
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So what they Best Buy do?
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It increased customers'
willingness to pay
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and we have fewer
pricing pressures.
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Next, they lowered
willingness to sell
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and costs fall for Best Buy.
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The middle portion
of the value stick,
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we have less pricing
pressure, we have lower costs.
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Not surprisingly, the
company is more profitable.
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They go from losing $1
billion in a quarter
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to having a return on invested
capital that exceeds 20%.
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Amazing.
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Why?
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Because we started with ideas
about how to create value
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before we thought about how to
capture a fraction of the value
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that we created.
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[MUSIC PLAYING]