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[Music]
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good day everyone welcome back to oral
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communication in context for our second
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lesson we will be talking about the
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different models of communication so for
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today we will be uncovering and
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discovering how communication is viewed
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throughout the centuries
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we will be discussing the different
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models that have been produced or that
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have been proposed by different
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communication experts for example we
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have the aristotelian model the shannon
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weaver model the lasso model sram's
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model burlus model
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white's model of communication the dance
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model of communication the symbolic
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interaction model and last but not the
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least is the speech communication model
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let us begin with the aristotelian model
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of communication from the term itself
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this was actually a model of
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communication that was first proposed by
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aristotle
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this model of communication was actually
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first developed among the greeks and it
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was considered to be the most simple and
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basic model of communication if you
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would remember on your history classes
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back then during the early days of
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civilization the greeks particularly
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love to listen to speakers
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they have places wherein other people
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could deliver speeches and other people
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could listen to them deliver these
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speeches the aristotelian model of
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communication only has three elements it
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only involves three elements we have the
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speaker the speech or the message and of
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course the audience or the listener so
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once again if we are going to go back to
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the definition of the different elements
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of communication you would remember that
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speaker is the source of the information
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the source of the message where the
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message is coming from this speaker will
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then deliver the message or the speech
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that he or she intends to deliver to an
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audience and the audience will only
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serve as listeners unlike the more
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contemporary views on communication it
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is considered to be one way in this
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particular model of communication the
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speaker plays a very vital role in the
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process of communication he or she
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communicates in such a way that the
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listeners actually get influence okay
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they are affecting their listeners and
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they respond based on their intentions
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based on the intentions of the speakers
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okay even if that was the case back then
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that doesn't mean that this particular
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model of communication is not observable
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even up to this day actually there are
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still some instances or situations
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rather that you would notice would still
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have or would still showcase this
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particular model of communication take
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for example in the classroom in a class
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the teacher whenever he or she is
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speaking or teaching the lesson
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importing a lesson he or she is
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considered an active member particularly
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in traditional classrooms wherein it's
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always going to be the teacher who is
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talking delivering the lessons all right
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so in that case the teacher could be
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considered the active member whereas the
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students are considered passive all they
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do is listen they don't have to respond
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to whatever the teacher is saying
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because their task their job their duty
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is to absorb it to absorb understand the
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information that has been passed on to
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them even if that is the case okay even
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if that is the case the aristotelian
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model
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is actually considered the golden rule
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for public speaking lectures and
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seminars why because if you are a good
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public speaker
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it means that you must hold
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a strong influence over
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your audience you need to captivate your
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audience you need to hold their
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attention keep their attention glued to
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you all right so the res italian model
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is still being followed especially for
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people of power or people in power they
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try to practice that as well okay that
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is why it's called the golden rule for
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public speaking let us move on to a more
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contemporary take on of course the
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communication process let's move on to
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the shannon weaver model the shannon
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weaver model was actually known as the
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mother of all communication models so
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more contemporary models are actually
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based on this particular model of
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communication however believe it or not
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the shannon weaver model of
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communication was actually originally
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designed for a simple telephone
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communication shannon and weaver the
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proponents of this particular model of
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communication were actually employees
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they were workers in a telephone company
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okay and back then they were trying to
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analyze the systems the processes
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involved in the early days of using
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telephone to converse okay to
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communicate with one another all right
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so they discovered certain things about
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the processes of telephone communication
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that could have easily been adapted to
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okay regular conversations like
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face-to-face conversations and
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communication in general
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thereby of course producing this
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particular model of communication so in
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this model of communication it's almost
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similar to the aristotelian model it's
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still one way
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all right wherein we have of course the
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speaker is involved there is a message
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that is being delivered that goes
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through the encoding process
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there is a channel in which the way they
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are going to deliver the message it will
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still undergo the coding and of course
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the receiver will be at the other end of
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the communication process but there is
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one thing that was identified
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by shannon weaver model and this is very
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important because they were the first
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ones to identify it among all the
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proponents of communication models okay
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and it is
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what we refer to as noise so you would
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notice that whenever you are conversing
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using a telephone there's a static or
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there's some static noise on the
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background as you are talking to someone
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and this was what was referred to by
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shannon and weaver as noise okay now
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that noise it affects the way that you
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converse to someone especially if you
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are talking on the telephone sometimes
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it could be a really huge disruption
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okay or it would cause a really huge
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disruption in the telephone conversation
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okay so similarly in a regular
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conversation in a face-to-face
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conversation for example there are
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certain noise it could be the
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environmental noise or it could be other
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factors involved okay but the shannon
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weaver model of communication was the
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first one to identify this one okay and
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the shannon weaver model of
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communication is still called one way or
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it's still described as one way or a
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linear meaning it's just one line okay
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look if you are going to look at the
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arrows it's just pointing to one
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direction it's going from left to right
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okay and there's a sequence of
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transmission and reception delivery and
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receiving and like what i have mentioned
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earlier it is the first one to identify
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factors that affect communication which
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the shannon weaver model of
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communication refers to as noise the
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third model of communication is the last
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well model the lasso model of course was
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proposed it was named after by its
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proponent who was harold laswell in the
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year 1948 and it is considered as one of
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the earliest models of communication it
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is considered to be a verbal model
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similar to the previous models it's
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still described as one way or a linear
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process however you might be asking
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yourself so what makes harold lasso's
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model of communication different from
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the previous ones or from the other ones
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this model is different because this
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model is about the process of
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communication and its function to
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society so there is an emphasis to how
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communication is used in the society so
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according to harold lasswell
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communication has three different
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functions to society namely surveillance
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correlation and cultural transmission
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let's discuss first surveillance
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actually last will believe that
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communication is being used or utilized
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by our government by any governing body
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in order to alert the society to
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potential threats so the government uses
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communication as a tool to alert people
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that are being governed by them or their
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subordinates to tell them that there are
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potential dangers or there could be
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something that might be happening around
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them that might be essential to look at
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or might be essential to consider okay
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that is what we refer to as surveillance
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meaning other people
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um probably hire or people in power
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using communication as a tool in return
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the society
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form meaningful responses towards these
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changes in their environment okay so
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take for example if there's a threat
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okay that is happening in the
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philippines for example we will be
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adjusting to it those reactions is
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actually a form of communication
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that is our response to what we have
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just learned from the government from
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the surveillance okay and that is what
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we refer to as correlation because we
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have been putting the connections we are
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trying to establish the connections of
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those things of those threats of those
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information we have received from the
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government and trying to adapt to it
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okay trying to work around our lives for
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it now eventually another very important
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function and perhaps this is considered
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to be the most important function of
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communication to society is cultural
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transmission so institutions in the
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society take for example your family
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your church your school
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the community when time passes by they
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actually hand down or transfer
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okay values
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norms
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customs traditions brought about by
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these particular
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changes okay particular reactions from
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one generation to another so the way
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that we are adapting right now soon
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enough for example you if you have your
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children in the future the way that you
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have adapted the circumstances right now
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from the surveillance of the government
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the way that you have correlated your
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lives all right it will be passed down
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from one generation to another you could
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hand down what you have learned how you
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have adapted your life the way that you
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are living your life right now might be
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handed down to the future generations of
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your family for example your future kids
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your future granddaughters your future
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grandchildren and so on and so forth
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just like how we are transmitting our
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cultures from one generation to another
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okay so
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harold dasswell believes that these are
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the three functions of communication to
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society therefore it makes communication
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even more relevant even more important
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to our lives because it's not just for
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personal use it's not just for us to
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relay what we are feeling what we know
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okay it's also a way for us to build the
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society to help the society prosper let
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us take a look at the current covet 19
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pandemic as an example the world health
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organization recognized the increasing
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rate of viral transmission we were
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informed of this situation and soon
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enough governments all over the world
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took action this is a clear example of
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surveillance we were told to wash our
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hands wear masks and maintain physical
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distancing right now these health and
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safety measures are integrated into our
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daily lives thus the term new normal a
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perfect way to showcase correlation in
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the society in the future in case
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another pandemic happens then people
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will already know how to deal with such
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situation because these protocols would
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have been passed on to generations
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through cultural transmission
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if we are going to illustrate harold
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lasswell's model of communication it
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could be illustrated this way it begins
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with the communicator or something that
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answers the question who and then what
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does this communicator say or the
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message in what channel or in what way
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was this message delivered or what we
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also refer to as the media who is gonna
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be receiving this message to whom is it
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for who is the receiver and what is the
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effect of this message to the receiver
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how does this affect how will this
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influence the receiver of the message
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moving on let us discuss sram's model of
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communication it was first proposed by
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wilbur schramm and according to this
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particular model of communication people
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interact in a constant cyclical fashion
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so when we say cyclical it goes around
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and around like a wheel what makes this
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model of communication different from
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the rest is that it's the first one to
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capture the notion of process and
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interaction so take for example if we
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are going to illustrate wilbur schramm's
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process of communication or wilbur
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scham's model of communication this is
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how it goes it starts with the of course
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encoder and then interpreter and then
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the decoder all right so the encoder
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will deliver a message to the decoder
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and then the decoder will interpret it
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and at the same time the recipient of
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your message okay the recipient of your
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message would have to encode his or her
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response okay and that's another form of
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message so the message will go back to
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the to the sender and then the sender
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will now have to decode the response and
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then at the same time interpret it and
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then formulate another response so
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basically the communication process goes
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on and on and on okay once you have
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delivered a message as a sender take for
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example as ascendant you delivered a
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message your receiver will decode it
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interpreted and for him to be able to
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respond will of course encode another
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message so basically the process goes on
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and on and on and on so that's how it
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goes moving on let's go to burlos model
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of communication of course it was named
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after by its proponent mr david burlo in
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1960 and what makes this different is
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that there is a focus on encoding and
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decoding processes this is also called
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the smcr
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model these letters actually stand for
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the different elements of communication
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that comprises this particular model of
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communication according to berlo there
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are four important elements in the
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process of communication the first one
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is the source or the sender of the
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message the message itself or m c is the
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channel or the medium or how is the
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message going to be delivered and of
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course r is the receiver of the message
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or the recipient according to burlo
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there are certain characteristics to
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these elements that need to be
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considered whenever we engage in the
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communication process so take for
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example if we are going to be talking
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about the sender or the source of the
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message there are certain things that
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you have to know there are certain
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things you have to know determine about
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the source or the sender of the message
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take for example you need to consider
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their communication skills you need to
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consider their attitudes their emotions
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all right their knowledge what do they
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know you can also consider their social
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system and as well as their culture and
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you would notice that these are
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generally characteristics of a person
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who is engaged in the communication
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process as for the message you also have
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to determine the content think about the
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content think about the elements of the
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message the treatment of the message the
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structure of the message how are you
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going to say it okay and even the code
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that you are using it could refer to the
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language that you are using as for the
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channel you really need to consider how
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your message is going to be perceived
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and in doing so you also need to
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consider the different senses because
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remember that your senses are your
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primary receptors all right so take for
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example you have to determine how is it
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gonna be heard is it gonna be seen by
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someone is it gonna be written down is
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your receiver gonna be able to touch
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your message are they gonna be able to
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smell it or are they gonna be able to
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face it so it's something that refers to
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your senses or rather the census of your
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receipt yeah as for the receiver you
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just need to consider the same things
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that you have to consider for the source
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or the sender of the message because
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there are just both people who are
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involved in the communication process
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another model of communication is what
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we refer to as white's model this model
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this particular model of communication
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actually implies a step-by-step sequence
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of events that takes place in the
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communication process there is a
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step-by-step sequence if you would still
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remember back in our first lesson we
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described communication as a systemic
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process there is a step-by-step process
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that is involved and it is implicated in
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this particular model of communication
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based on this model of communication
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here are the processes involved in the
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process first one of course it begins in
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thinking then symbolizing expressing
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transmitting receiving decoding
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feedbacking and eventually monitoring
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and then once again it would go back to
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thinking and so on and so forth so it's
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also a cycle however the processes here
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that have been identified are more
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specific additionally since it is a
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step-by-step process
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this model of communication argues that
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when you communicate you go through all
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these processes one step at a time you
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cannot just jump from step one to step
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three simply put you cannot skip a
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process in the system
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another model of communication is the
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dance model of communication this was
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advanced by frank dance and it is known
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to be represented by a spiraling figure
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or what we refer to in science as a
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helix you would notice that it looks
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like a dna actually according to frank
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dance communication evolves meaning it
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changes over time it doesn't remain the
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same
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it is not static it is dynamic okay so
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communication changes in this model of
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communication it is believed that the
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process moves in a cyclical fashion
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meaning it goes around and around
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however it also moves forward but
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eventually coming back upon its cell
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that's why you would notice that the
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figure representing it is sort of
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twisted because it moves forward and
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then it could be moving backward as well
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generally if you want to remember the
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key point or the key aspect of this
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particular model of communication it
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could be easily summed up by one phrase
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or one sentence okay you just have to
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remember that according to this model of
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communication what we say now influences
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the future whatever you are delivering
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whatever message you are imparting right
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now for someone who would be able to
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hear it it it might have an influence on
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them for example children who grew up in
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troubled household more often than not
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there are studies that it's either
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they do not want the same for their
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children or eventually they would act
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similar to how they were treated in
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their household from a long time ago
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okay so you would also could you could
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also connect it to the instances of
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bullies at school more there was a study
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conducted that bullies in school are
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usually children who are also bullied at
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home or who have experience bullying
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themselves so in a way what they
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experience affect how they are treating
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other people as well similarly if you
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are going to relate it to the to the
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concept of communication
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what we are saying now might hold
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relevance to what we might say in the
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future how we might act in the future
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and how we communicate in the future
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next we have the symbolic interaction
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model so basically the symbolic
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interaction model reflects the nature of
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communication that we have discussed in
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lesson one so if you would remember the
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nature of communication or communication
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was described simply as a dynamic
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process systemic in which communicators
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are involved we have the speaker and the
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receiver and those communicators they
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construct personal meanings through
00:23:32
their symbolic interactions so they
00:23:35
interpret those messages differently
00:23:39
depending on the situation itself
00:23:41
depending on their background thereby
00:23:44
making it very symbolic now also
00:23:47
according to this particular model of
00:23:49
communication any given interaction
00:23:52
actually serves as a starting point for
00:23:55
the next and future interactions so take
00:23:58
for example let's put ourselves in the
00:24:01
first day in the context of a first day
00:24:04
of classes okay so in a new you are in a
00:24:07
new school your classmates are new to
00:24:10
you as well they have not been your
00:24:12
classmates from before all right and the
00:24:15
way of course for example you just ask
00:24:18
your seat mate the person sitting beside
00:24:21
you during the first day of class you
00:24:23
ask your seat mate do you have a pencil
00:24:25
with you that i can borrow do you have a
00:24:27
pen with you that i can borrow you would
00:24:29
notice that eventually after that first
00:24:32
interaction that person is the person
00:24:34
that you feel closest to or more often
00:24:37
than not that's the case all right or
00:24:39
that's the first step in building a
00:24:41
relationship with that person or
00:24:43
building a friendship with that
00:24:46
particular person so any interaction
00:24:48
that we have with someone that could
00:24:51
serve as a starting point for future
00:24:53
interactions that we are going to have
00:24:56
or might have with them okay it's either
00:24:59
you continue interacting with them or
00:25:01
you would avoid them as well after that
00:25:04
initial interaction okay so it would
00:25:07
really depend on your initial
00:25:09
interaction that's what makes it very
00:25:11
symbolic very important
00:25:14
okay because it's a deciding factor
00:25:16
whether you are going to stay connected
00:25:19
or you are going to cut the connection
00:25:22
that you have with that person last but
00:25:24
not the least we have the speech
00:25:26
communication transaction model this is
00:25:29
the model of communication that we are
00:25:32
um using right now okay we are using it
00:25:36
to of course illustrate the process of
00:25:39
communication unlike the previous models
00:25:41
of communication or the earlier models
00:25:44
of communication that we discussed this
00:25:46
one is now considered a two-way process
00:25:49
okay the arrows are not just pointing in
00:25:52
one direction this time it's very
00:25:54
important because this is the model of
00:25:58
communication that gave import
00:26:00
importance to feedback as an element of
00:26:03
communication according to this model of
00:26:05
communication communication is not
00:26:08
happening if you are not getting
00:26:10
feedback from your receivers okay or
00:26:13
from your listeners that is also the
00:26:16
reason why this one is considered a very
00:26:19
interactive model meaning the
00:26:21
communicators are highly involved they
00:26:24
are highly participating in the process
00:26:27
of communication for this model there is
00:26:30
a collaborative exchange of messages
00:26:32
between communicators meaning the
00:26:35
message is not simply coming from one
00:26:37
person the sender could be sending the
00:26:40
message and even the recipient could or
00:26:43
the listener could also send a message
00:26:46
back to the original sender all right so
00:26:49
the rules could switch anytime in the
00:26:52
communication process basically it
00:26:55
happens because there is a goal to
00:26:59
understand one another the main
00:27:01
objective is for understanding now even
00:27:04
if that is the case
00:27:06
this model of communication still
00:27:09
acknowledged that there might be
00:27:11
elements that might interfere with the
00:27:14
process of communication it might
00:27:16
disrupt it might tender it might
00:27:18
completely stop the communication
00:27:20
process itself and these are what has
00:27:23
been referred to as barriers to
00:27:26
communication if we are going to
00:27:28
illustrate the speech communication
00:27:29
transaction model we can use this
00:27:32
picture as you can see the noise does
00:27:35
not only affect the transmission itself
00:27:38
but the noise could even affect the
00:27:41
sender the receiver and even the message
00:27:45
of the the communication process so it's
00:27:48
present in any aspect or in any element
00:27:52
of the communication process here are my
00:27:55
sources and references for this lecture
00:27:58
thank you for joining me
