Como nos Tornamos Humanos - Ep. 2/3 (Documentário-2009)

00:52:36
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wo1I31p5v3E

Summary

TLDRO documentário analisa a evolução dos seres humanos, focando em como o Homo erectus desempenhou um papel fundamental nessa trajetória. Revela-se que Homo erectus, por meio de habilidades de fabricação de ferramentas, caça, uso do fogo e socialização, estabelece precursores das sociedades humanas. O trabalho dos paleoantropólogos, suas descobertas sobre fósseis, como o do "Turaboy", e a análise de comportamentos, como a caça por persistência e cuidados parentais, demonstram como Homo erectus moldou aspectos da humanidade moderna. A migração de Homo erectus da África e suas adaptações às novas condições ambientais são centrais para a história da evolução humana.

Takeaways

  • 🧠 Homo erectus: um ancestral crucial na evolução humana.
  • 🔥 Uso do fogo para cozinhar e proteção.
  • 🔨 Desenvolvimento de ferramentas sofisticadas.
  • 🐕 Caça por persistência para obter carne.
  • 📏 Crescimento rápido semelhante ao de chimpanzés.
  • 👪 Formação de sociedades e cuidados parentais.
  • 🌍 Migração de Homo erectus da África para outras regiões.
  • 🔍 'Turaboy' revela novas insights sobre nossos ancestrais.
  • 🌿 Dwarfismo insular em Homo floresiensis é intrigante.
  • 🤝 Cooperação e comunicação foram fundamentais para a sobrevivência humana.

Timeline

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    Os humanos são considerados os animais mais inteligentes do planeta, mas estamos ligados às nossas raízes como primatas. O ancestral Homo erectus, que viveu há quase 2 milhões de anos, revela a transição crucial que levou à humanidade, sendo os primeiros a deixar a África e formar sociedades. Novas descobertas estão trazendo esses ancestrais à vida, mostrando suas inovações e habilidades como caçadores e fabricantes de ferramentas.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    Na Grande Ribeira de Rift, na África, surgiram os primeiros ancestrais humanos, surpreendentemente semelhantes a nós. O Homo erectus foi um viajante do mundo, fabricante de ferramentas e caçador, com qualidades humanas que surgiram muito antes do Homo sapiens. Essa linha do tempo da evolução humana abrange milhões de anos e marca o início da nossa ancestralidade mais complexa.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    Com o surgimento de novos hominídeos, como o Homo erectus, houve um avanço significativo na evolução, resultando em corpos mais semelhantes aos nossos e maior capacidade cerebral. Pesquisadores, como os Leakey, descobriram fósseis significativos que revelaram muito sobre a vida de nossos ancestrais, como o fabuloso 'Turaboy', que iluminou nossa compreensão da transição de primatas para humanos.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    O esqueleto de Turaboy, encontrado na região do Lago Turkana, é o mais completo já descoberto, permitindo grandes avanços em nosso entendimento sobre a aparência e a biologia do Homo erectus. Ele tinha características físicas notavelmente humanas, com uma estatura de 5'3" e uma construção mais próxima da humana do que da de um primata, indicando a evolução em direção a nossa forma atual.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Uma parte fascinante da pesquisa foi examinar a juventude de Turaboy, que, apesar de sua altura avançada, revelou-se ser muito mais jovem do que se pensava. O estudo de seus dentes mostrou que ele tinha apenas 8 anos na época de sua morte, sugerindo um crescimento rápido, semelhante ao de chimpanzés, e trazendo à tona a questão sobre a evolução do desenvolvimento humano infantil e seu impacto ao longo do tempo.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    O crescimento acelerado de Turaboy pode estar relacionado ao tamanho do cérebro humano, que demanda um período de infância mais longo para se desenvolver adequadamente. Isso levanta questões sobre a vantagem de ter crianças que crescem lentamente em um ambiente complexo e social, permitindo que aprendam sobre suas comunidades, contribuindo para a sobrevivência do grupo.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    Estudos indicam que o Homo erectus já tinha características cognitivas que permitiam a comunicação, o que é sugerido por evidências do desenvolvimento da área de Broca, que está associada à linguagem. As ferramentas de pedra encontradas reforçam a noção de que esses ancestrais eram inventivos e capazes de pensar criativamente, essencial para sua sobrevivência na savana.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    Os Homo erectus eram dependentes não apenas de ferramentas, mas também da partilha de experiências e alimentação dentro de suas comunidades. Comprovadamente, o crescimento do cérebro requer uma dieta rica em proteínas, e evidências sugerem que eles desenvolveram habilidades de caça inovadoras para obter carne, que era uma fonte crucial de nutrição, permitindo um estilo de vida mais complexo e cooperativo.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:45:00

    A vida social do Homo erectus também foi revolucionária, promovendo a coabitação e o cuidado mútuo. Novos estudos afirmam que esses humanos começaram a construir laços sociais mais complexos, potencialmente em torno do fogo, levando a um aumento na interação social e a uma vida comunitária mais rica, estabelecendo as bases para a sociedade moderna.

  • 00:45:00 - 00:52:36

    Finalmente, o crescimento e a dispersão do Homo erectus pela África e além, como evidenciado por descobertas em Dimini e na Indonésia, demonstram a adaptabilidade e evolução deles em resposta a mudanças climáticas. Sua longevidade e capacidade de prosperar em diferentes ambientes são características marcantes que moldaram a trajetória do desenvolvimento humano.

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Mind Map

Video Q&A

  • O que é Homo erectus?

    Homo erectus é um ancestral humano que viveu há cerca de 1,8 milhões a 70.000 anos e é considerado um marco na evolução humana.

  • Como Homo erectus contribuiu para a evolução humana?

    Homo erectus fez avanços importantes na fabricação de ferramentas, uso do fogo e formação de sociedades, estabelecendo as bases para os humanos modernos.

  • Qual a importância do achado do esqueleto 'Turaboy'?

    O esqueleto quase completo de 'Turaboy' revolucionou o entendimento sobre a transição de espécies, mostrando semelhanças e diferenças em relação aos humanos modernos.

  • Como Homo erectus caçava?

    Homo erectus utilizava uma técnica chamada caça por persistência, correndo longas distâncias para exaurir suas presas.

  • O que podemos aprender com os dentes de 'Turaboy'?

    Os dentes de 'Turaboy' fornecem informações sobre seu crescimento e desenvolvimento, sugerindo que ele cresceu rapidamente, mais parecido com um chimpanzé.

  • Qual foi o papel do fogo na vida de Homo erectus?

    O fogo permitiu a Homo erectus cozinhar alimentos, tornando-os mais acessíveis e digeríveis, além de fornecer proteção durante a noite.

  • Como os Homo erectus migraram de África?

    A migração de Homo erectus de África pode ter sido impulsionada por mudanças climáticas que expandiram pastagens e a disponibilidade de presas.

  • Qual a relação entre Homo erectus e outras espécies humanas?

    Homo erectus coexistiu com outras espécies humanas, mas desenvolveu adaptações que o tornaram bem-sucedido em sua era.

  • O que significa 'dwarfismo insular' no contexto de Homo erectus?

    Dwarfismo insular se refere à diminuição do tamanho corporal de espécies que vivem em ilhas, como observado em Homo floresiensis, que possivelmente evoluiu de Homo erectus.

  • Por que somos os únicos sobreviventes entre as espécies humanas?

    A sobrevivência de Homo sapiens pode estar ligada à nossa capacidade de cooperação, comunicação e adaptação, contrastando com outras espécies humanas que não sobreviveram.

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  • 00:00:00
    [Music]
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    humans without a doubt the smartest
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    animal on earth yet we're unmistakably
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    tied to our AP
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    Origins millions of years ago we were
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    Apes living ape lives in Africa so how
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    did we get get from
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    that to
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    this what happened what set us on the
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    path to
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    humanity the questions are huge but now
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    there are
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    answers at the threshold of humanity one
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    ancestor contains tantalizing Secrets it
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    is known as Homo erectus homoerectus had
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    a slightly smaller brain slightly bigger
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    jaw but it's basically
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    us basically
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    us almost 2 million years
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    ago new finds are revealing the truth
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    about the ancestors at the heart of our
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    Evolution here were the Trailblazers who
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    first left Africa the first fir makers
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    the first
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    Hunters these creatures were capable of
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    analyzing possible uses of tools and
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    coming up with a technological solution
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    to the the problem how do you kill a big
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    dangerous animal without getting killed
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    yourself Homo erectus pioneered what it
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    means to be human colonizing whole
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    continents and creating the first human
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    societies our ancestors began to care
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    about what others thought and care about
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    what that individual thought about them
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    now new discoveries are bringing them
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    alive as never before at last we come
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    face to face with the ancestors at the
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    birth of humanity right now on Nova
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    [Music]
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    the Great Rift Valley of East
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    Africa 2 million years ago these
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    spectacular Plains and canyons witnessed
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    a mysterious
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    event the birth of the first ancestor we
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    can really call
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    human new discoveries are revealing a
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    creature surprisingly like us a world
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    traveler a tool maker a hunter Tamer of
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    fire creator of the first human
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    societies amazingly the qualities that
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    make us human began not with our own
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    species Homo
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    sapiens the true birth of humanity began
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    much further back in time millions of
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    years
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    ago imagine the entire span of recorded
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    human history about 5,000 years taking
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    us back to the Egyptian pyramids double
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    it 10,000 years to the time when plants
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    are domesticated and agriculture
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    begins double it again 20,000 years Ice
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    Age Hunters are painting stunning images
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    on Cave walls and keep doubling six more
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    times only then do we encounter our
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    ancestor Homo erectus in Africa's Great
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    Rift
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    Valley for millions of years this
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    massive geological fault line running
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    the length of East Africa was a stage on
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    which our human evolution was played
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    [Music]
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    out it all started with the first Apes
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    to walk upright on two legs about 6
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    million years
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    [Music]
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    ago there were many different types all
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    variations on the same theme aplike
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    creatures with small
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    brains the fossil known as Lucy is the
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    most famous
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    example here she is just 3' 8 in tall
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    with a brain the size of a chimps
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    for millions of years creatures like her
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    roam the forests and grasslands of
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    Africa but then something
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    changed about 2 million years ago new
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    creatures appeared with abilities never
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    seen before in the animal
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    kingdom meet Homo erectus a tool maker
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    and
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    Hunter one of of the first members of
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    our genus the genus homo
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    humans the transition to homo was
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    probably one of the most important
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    Transformations that occurred in human
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    evolution arms got thinner legs got
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    longer brains got bigger it was a huge
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    evolutionary step from eight bodies to
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    bodies like
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    ours but what about the things that make
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    us distinctly human creativity
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    intelligence caring for each other how
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    can we know when these got
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    started with only skulls and Bone
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    fragments to go on how could we ever
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    know what those first humans were really
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    like it would take a momentous find to
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    shed light on their
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    lives Lake turana Northern
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    Kenya surrounded by volcanoes and vast
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    expanses of baking
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    desert in 1984 famed anthropologists
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    Richard and me leaky were working at
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    this remote Inland Sea I was actually on
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    the east side of the lake and then
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    Richard flew over and said you've got to
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    come there's something really
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    exciting as the first family of
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    paleoanthropology the Leaky were used to
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    Fossil
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    fines but this was very special
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    one of ley's team had found a skull
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    fragment of one of those early humans he
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    could tell from its size and shape it
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    was Homo erectus and there was more than
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    just a fragment so we started looking at
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    this site on a on a more extensive basis
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    and of course once we did we found the
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    rest of the skull a complete skull was
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    rare enough but it was just the
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    beginning soon parts of the homo erectus
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    skeleton which had never been found
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    before started to emerge we couldn't
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    believe it but we started getting pieces
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    of ribs these were parts of hom rectus
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    that nobody actually knew about nobody
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    had ever seen before so every bone that
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    came out of the ground was something
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    brand new to science and and we were
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    looking at these things and it was
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    really
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    amazing and here they are the actual
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    bones of a human ancestor who lived over
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    1 and 1/2 million years ago it's the
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    earliest human skeleton ever discovered
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    The Leaky called him tur
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    boy his bones have revolutionized our
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    understanding of the transition from
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    eight to human the really important
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    thing about turab boy is how complete he
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    is we've got arms and legs and bits of
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    his spine and his ribs and usually when
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    we find these things we get very excited
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    about one little bit of bone but that
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    little bit can't tell us very much about
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    an individual so having a nearly
  • 00:08:30
    complete skeleton we can start to ask
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    big
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    questions the first big question was
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    what did he look like his skeleton tells
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    us he was 5' 3 in tall with a build
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    closer to a man's than an
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    Apes but how
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    close paleo artist Victor deck
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    specializes in painting and sculpting
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    our human ancestors with precise
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    anatomical
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    [Music]
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    accuracy Victor's going to add turab boy
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    to his family of ancient
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    faces at this stage of the game I know
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    that taboy is not an ape he is a very
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    early true human and so here we have a
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    modern human skull the faces are very
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    similar to one another but turab boy's
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    skull is a bit more primitive and has a
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    lower forehead and a much smaller brain
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    capacity Victor will build T boy's face
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    muscle by
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    muscle based on his studies of cadavers
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    and modern
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    Anatomy while his head may be primitive
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    turoy skeleton is surprisingly human his
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    hips are a little wider his arms a
  • 00:10:01
    little longer but his overall body shape
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    is just like
  • 00:10:06
    ours ton boy and erectus that's
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    something that if you were to see from
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    100 ft away you would think well there's
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    a large naked man there woman or or you
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    know but it's a
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    human it will take Victor a week to
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    flush out turab boy's face
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    meanwhile a team of animators is at work
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    creating scenes that will bring tab boy
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    and his people to life to make sure they
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    do it accurately they have Enlisted the
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    help of Harvard Anthropologist Dan
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    Lieberman they had a more forward
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    position of the Palms when they ran just
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    slightly there you
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    go the blue suited actors are there to
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    create movement references for the
  • 00:10:57
    artists in the final animation
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    they will be replaced by Homo erectus
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    bodies and action their heads and faces
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    based closely on Victor's
  • 00:11:10
    model as tab boy's forensically
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    reconstructed head nears
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    completion a face emerges that looks a
  • 00:11:18
    lot like
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    us now for the first time in a million
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    and a half years here he is our ancestor
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    the Homo erectus called turab
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    boy but what he looked like is only the
  • 00:11:35
    beginning of his
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    story to reconstruct his life we need to
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    find out how old he was and if we look
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    at his skeleton we can see that the
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    growth plates on his limbs that would
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    fuse when he's fully adult are all
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    unfused so even though he's very tall we
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    know that he's still
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    growing the the fact that tab boy was
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    not fully grown has turned out to be a
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    boon to researchers you can answer
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    questions like did the boy grow up like
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    a modern human or did he grow up more
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    like an
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    ape turana boy was already 5' 3 in tall
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    when scientists compared his bones and
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    teeth to ours he seemed to be about 14
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    years old but when dental specialist
  • 00:12:26
    Chris Dean began to study his teeth he
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    was in for a
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    shock it turns out that all teeth fossil
  • 00:12:35
    or not preserve a remarkably precise
  • 00:12:38
    record of
  • 00:12:39
    childhood this is a fossil tooth and we
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    can see the enamel cap which covers the
  • 00:12:46
    core of the tooth which is made of
  • 00:12:48
    dentine uh dentine is just another word
  • 00:12:50
    for Ivory and within the enamel you can
  • 00:12:53
    see the rods which are running from the
  • 00:12:56
    enamel denting Junction here out to the
  • 00:12:58
    surface of the tooth
  • 00:13:00
    enamel has a regular growth pattern like
  • 00:13:03
    the rings of a
  • 00:13:05
    tree under an electron microscope it
  • 00:13:08
    looks like rods made of tiny beads each
  • 00:13:11
    of the little beads along these prisms
  • 00:13:14
    represent one day's growth because the
  • 00:13:16
    cells which produce enamel are actually
  • 00:13:18
    under the influence of a circadian or
  • 00:13:21
    daily clock and those secretions during
  • 00:13:25
    the day speed up and then slow down and
  • 00:13:28
    there's a Perman record of that in every
  • 00:13:31
    tooth so you can see rods running all
  • 00:13:35
    the way through this tissue and every
  • 00:13:37
    day along the rod there is a wobble
  • 00:13:40
    where the tissue slows down and then
  • 00:13:42
    speeds
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    up so if you count the beads in these
  • 00:13:46
    strings you can figure out exactly how
  • 00:13:49
    many days that tooth has been
  • 00:13:52
    growing when Chris looked at the
  • 00:13:54
    fossilized teeth of tonoy he got a huge
  • 00:13:58
    surprise turab boy wasn't 14 years old
  • 00:14:01
    he was
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    eight what that implies is that the
  • 00:14:06
    growth of the T boy resembled more
  • 00:14:08
    closely that of chimpanzees today to be
  • 00:14:12
    5'3 at age 8 turab boy must have grown
  • 00:14:16
    up very fast at a rate closer to chimps
  • 00:14:20
    than
  • 00:14:21
    us a chimp's childhood is short it is
  • 00:14:25
    sexually mature at about 7
  • 00:14:29
    human childhood is longer we reach
  • 00:14:31
    puberty at about
  • 00:14:33
    12 so as humans evolved from apes
  • 00:14:37
    childhood was
  • 00:14:39
    extended but what advantage could be
  • 00:14:41
    gained by having helpless children
  • 00:14:44
    around to feed and care for who take so
  • 00:14:47
    long to grow
  • 00:14:49
    up the mystery of prolonged childhood is
  • 00:14:53
    at the heart of human evolution it may
  • 00:14:56
    be related to brain size
  • 00:15:02
    we humans have the biggest brains in the
  • 00:15:05
    animal kingdom in relation to our body
  • 00:15:08
    size they're so big that most of our
  • 00:15:10
    brain growth has to happen outside the
  • 00:15:13
    womb or our heads would never get
  • 00:15:15
    through the birth
  • 00:15:17
    canal a long slow childhood gives our
  • 00:15:20
    brains time to grow after
  • 00:15:22
    birth and time to learn everything we
  • 00:15:25
    need to function in our complex Human
  • 00:15:28
    Society
  • 00:15:29
    ities that's the advantage of prolonged
  • 00:15:33
    childhood for us at
  • 00:15:35
    least but what about turab
  • 00:15:38
    boy his brain was 900 cubic cm smaller
  • 00:15:43
    than ours but more than twice as large
  • 00:15:45
    as a
  • 00:15:47
    chimps so was he on the way to thinking
  • 00:15:50
    and Talking Like
  • 00:15:53
    Us Ralph Holloway believes he was he's
  • 00:15:57
    been collecting the brain endocasts of
  • 00:15:59
    human ancestors for over 30
  • 00:16:03
    years an endocast is a mold taken from
  • 00:16:06
    the inside of the skull which reveals
  • 00:16:09
    the shape of the brain Ralph is
  • 00:16:12
    particularly interested in something
  • 00:16:13
    called the broka area broka area is
  • 00:16:18
    involved with memory functions executive
  • 00:16:20
    functions but it does have a very
  • 00:16:23
    important role to play in the motor
  • 00:16:25
    aspects of
  • 00:16:26
    speech in the brain of tur a boy Ralph
  • 00:16:30
    believes he sees evidence for something
  • 00:16:33
    remarkable a change in the brokas area
  • 00:16:36
    tied to
  • 00:16:37
    communication brokas caps regions on the
  • 00:16:41
    turab boy are fully modern in terms of
  • 00:16:44
    their appearance it is good solid
  • 00:16:47
    evidence for the having the ability of
  • 00:16:50
    symbolic Communication in other words
  • 00:16:53
    language it's a controversial idea and
  • 00:16:56
    we'll never know for sure if tur boy
  • 00:16:59
    could speak but there are other Clues to
  • 00:17:02
    his intelligence the stone tools he left
  • 00:17:07
    behind Homo erectus made tools like this
  • 00:17:10
    hand ax here it's been chipped
  • 00:17:12
    extensively on both sides the point
  • 00:17:13
    enables one to do piercing tasks the
  • 00:17:15
    heavy bit here can be used from cracking
  • 00:17:17
    bone or or chopping wood it's a very
  • 00:17:19
    very versatile tool and a sharp one it
  • 00:17:22
    may not look like much but the stone
  • 00:17:25
    hand axe marks the birth of Technology
  • 00:17:30
    Homo erectus has left us many signs of
  • 00:17:33
    his
  • 00:17:34
    inventiveness here in central Kenia Rick
  • 00:17:37
    pots has been studying a treasure Trove
  • 00:17:40
    of homo erectus Stone
  • 00:17:44
    tool stone tools represented a momentous
  • 00:17:47
    change because once you had Tools in
  • 00:17:50
    your hands all the foods in the world
  • 00:17:52
    could open up to you that represented a
  • 00:17:54
    tremendous survival advantage
  • 00:17:59
    here is a cache of over 500 stone hand
  • 00:18:02
    axes made by Homo erectus just a mile
  • 00:18:06
    away Rick visits the Quarry where for
  • 00:18:08
    thousands of years these ancestors came
  • 00:18:11
    to shape Stone into tools leaving behind
  • 00:18:16
    unused fragments in the crevices at my
  • 00:18:19
    feet there were thousands of fragments
  • 00:18:22
    of Stone from Tool making and there were
  • 00:18:24
    several scars where Homo rectus struck
  • 00:18:27
    huge flakes
  • 00:18:29
    we also see evidence that they could
  • 00:18:31
    recognize flaws they could see which
  • 00:18:33
    ones would break if they took them away
  • 00:18:35
    so they simply discarded them here
  • 00:18:38
    what's amazing about that is you could
  • 00:18:40
    imagine an early homoerectus sitting
  • 00:18:42
    right here making
  • 00:18:44
    decisions the kind of decisionmaking it
  • 00:18:47
    takes to create a stone tool has been
  • 00:18:50
    researched extensively by John
  • 00:18:53
    Shay I'm just going to tap it a little
  • 00:18:55
    bit I'm just checking it out to see if
  • 00:18:57
    there's any any internal flow pause
  • 00:18:59
    before I do it there might be one in
  • 00:19:01
    here it feels like there might be
  • 00:19:02
    something in there but I like a
  • 00:19:04
    challenge so I'll map it
  • 00:19:06
    anyway even for an expert making a hand
  • 00:19:09
    ax is not easy yeah there's a flaw but
  • 00:19:11
    we got around it a good tool maker has
  • 00:19:13
    to understand the properties of stone to
  • 00:19:17
    make this thing nice and thin easier to
  • 00:19:19
    carry easier to transport and more of
  • 00:19:20
    the sharp Cutting Edge I'm going to do
  • 00:19:22
    something kind of counterintuitive I'm
  • 00:19:23
    going to dull The Edge so that the next
  • 00:19:26
    time I strike it it won't fail until I
  • 00:19:29
    have a lot of pressure on it until I've
  • 00:19:31
    hit it really hard the fracture will go
  • 00:19:33
    much further than otherwise would so the
  • 00:19:36
    home erectus did this tells us they were
  • 00:19:38
    capable of thinking ahead of planning
  • 00:19:41
    the consequences of their actions so
  • 00:19:43
    let's have a look here what'll this what
  • 00:19:44
    will happen here many of these stones
  • 00:19:46
    have hidden defects failing to spot them
  • 00:19:49
    could spell disaster there's still a
  • 00:19:51
    flaw in there I can hear it I can tell
  • 00:19:54
    you see this it's right there now I've
  • 00:19:57
    worked around it but if I were an early
  • 00:19:59
    human and spotted this I would stop
  • 00:20:01
    making the hand ax right now if I'm out
  • 00:20:03
    running around the savanas chasing a
  • 00:20:05
    rhinoceros and you know or butchering a
  • 00:20:07
    rhinoceros as the lions are circling and
  • 00:20:08
    my handaxe breaks I'm in trouble so you
  • 00:20:11
    know I go home tonight I'm still going
  • 00:20:12
    to get fed even though I didn't make a
  • 00:20:13
    perfect handaxe as Homo rectus I might
  • 00:20:16
    end up being the meal instead you
  • 00:20:19
    know a skilled Craftsman Homo erectus
  • 00:20:23
    had evolved a new type of
  • 00:20:27
    intelligence but his big brain came with
  • 00:20:30
    hidden
  • 00:20:31
    costs modern brains consume 25% of our
  • 00:20:35
    body's energy our brain happens to be
  • 00:20:38
    the hungriest organ in the body and in
  • 00:20:40
    order to support a brain our size we
  • 00:20:42
    need lots of
  • 00:20:43
    calories with his big brain and body a
  • 00:20:46
    homo erectus like tab boy needed more
  • 00:20:50
    nutrition from his Savannah
  • 00:20:52
    environment T boy had he grown to
  • 00:20:55
    adulthood would probably stood around 6
  • 00:20:57
    feet tall this is a big strong creature
  • 00:20:59
    that would have had a huge energy
  • 00:21:01
    budget one can satisfy an energy budget
  • 00:21:03
    like that by eating plants but you have
  • 00:21:06
    to eat a lot a lot
  • 00:21:08
    plants but there's one food that can
  • 00:21:10
    supply the nutrients a growing brain and
  • 00:21:13
    body need and Africa was filled with it
  • 00:21:17
    the one highquality resource that's
  • 00:21:19
    probably most important for the
  • 00:21:20
    evolution of the genus homo is meat and
  • 00:21:23
    meat Bri products such as brain and
  • 00:21:25
    Marrow and fat they're high in protein
  • 00:21:28
    they're high in calories and they're
  • 00:21:29
    easy to digest but the one problem with
  • 00:21:32
    getting meat is that it's hard to get
  • 00:21:35
    most Predators rely on strength or speed
  • 00:21:38
    to kill their prey our ancestors had
  • 00:21:42
    neither today we are on top of the food
  • 00:21:45
    chain so it's hard to imagine the
  • 00:21:48
    predicament of those early
  • 00:21:51
    humans here was a slow moving creature
  • 00:21:54
    with no claws or fangs easy prey for the
  • 00:21:58
    hry Predators around
  • 00:22:02
    him this is a fossil forehead and brow
  • 00:22:05
    Ridge of a
  • 00:22:07
    homoerectus and on the brow Ridge you
  • 00:22:09
    can see the bite mark of a carnivore
  • 00:22:12
    well this reminds us that these
  • 00:22:14
    homoerectus individuals weren't at the
  • 00:22:17
    top of the food
  • 00:22:18
    chain so how did turab boy a weakling
  • 00:22:22
    with a big brain which needed calories
  • 00:22:25
    get his meat homus based problem how do
  • 00:22:29
    you kill a big dangerous animal that has
  • 00:22:31
    lots of meat and fat in it without that
  • 00:22:33
    animal also killing you I think the
  • 00:22:35
    answer to that was a very clever set of
  • 00:22:38
    Innovations and that is endurance
  • 00:22:40
    running and high activity in the middle
  • 00:22:42
    of the
  • 00:22:44
    day the ancestors of homo erectus small
  • 00:22:48
    hairy Apes like Lucy were bipedal but
  • 00:22:52
    probably didn't do much
  • 00:22:54
    running but turab boy kind were built to
  • 00:22:57
    run like
  • 00:23:00
    us this an accelerometer Dan liberman
  • 00:23:03
    believes they could run long distances
  • 00:23:06
    because like us they had lost their
  • 00:23:08
    thick coat of body hair and could keep
  • 00:23:11
    Cool by sweating not on this was the key
  • 00:23:14
    to their
  • 00:23:16
    success but how do we know if these
  • 00:23:19
    crucial changes go back all the way to
  • 00:23:22
    TOA boy's time over a million years
  • 00:23:25
    ago skin and hair are rarely preserved
  • 00:23:29
    in the fossil record so to find out we
  • 00:23:32
    have to look to a creature that's been
  • 00:23:34
    intimately connected with hair for a
  • 00:23:36
    long time the Lous all animals seem to
  • 00:23:40
    have some type of lice to parasitize
  • 00:23:42
    them mammals have them birds have them
  • 00:23:45
    even fish to have types of lice but most
  • 00:23:48
    other creatures have only one type of
  • 00:23:49
    lice that parasitize them humans have
  • 00:23:52
    one kind of Lous on their heads and
  • 00:23:55
    another in the pubic area geneticists
  • 00:23:58
    Mark ston King asked himself why the
  • 00:24:01
    answer that seems obvious is that when
  • 00:24:03
    we had body hair all over our bodies we
  • 00:24:06
    had one type of lice then we became
  • 00:24:08
    hairless until we only had hair on our
  • 00:24:10
    heads and in our pubic region and so
  • 00:24:12
    therefore you would have this hairless
  • 00:24:14
    Geographic barrier to contact between
  • 00:24:16
    the
  • 00:24:17
    two Mark was surprised to find out that
  • 00:24:20
    the human pubic louse is very different
  • 00:24:23
    from the human head louse somehow in the
  • 00:24:26
    past it seems to have come from from
  • 00:24:29
    gorillas because the pubic lice that is
  • 00:24:31
    actually more closely related to gorilla
  • 00:24:33
    lice now how it is our ancestors got
  • 00:24:35
    pubic lice from gorillas I wouldn't care
  • 00:24:38
    to
  • 00:24:40
    speculate nonetheless one needs gorilla
  • 00:24:42
    Li in order to really work this whole
  • 00:24:44
    thing
  • 00:24:46
    out the most likely scenario is that
  • 00:24:49
    when we lost our body hair the original
  • 00:24:52
    human Lae migrated to our heads leaving
  • 00:24:56
    the pubic area temporarily unpopulated
  • 00:24:59
    by lice when our ancestors had contact
  • 00:25:03
    with gorillas perhaps sleeping in their
  • 00:25:05
    nests were Scavenging their bodies for
  • 00:25:08
    meat the gorilla Lae colonized their
  • 00:25:11
    pubic region eventually it turned into
  • 00:25:15
    the human pubic louse of
  • 00:25:18
    today so if we could find out when the
  • 00:25:21
    human pubic louse and the gorilla louse
  • 00:25:24
    diverged we would have a rough idea of
  • 00:25:27
    when we lost our body
  • 00:25:29
    hair fortunately there's a way to figure
  • 00:25:32
    that out the genetic dating technique
  • 00:25:35
    known as the molecular
  • 00:25:38
    clock it's based on the fact that the
  • 00:25:41
    sequence of chemical bases which make up
  • 00:25:44
    DNA mutate at a regular rate it's just a
  • 00:25:48
    very simple idea that the rate of change
  • 00:25:51
    in DNA sequences is more or less
  • 00:25:53
    constant over time and that means that
  • 00:25:56
    you have a way of determining when two
  • 00:25:59
    species last shared a common
  • 00:26:01
    ancestor by counting the number of
  • 00:26:04
    differences in the genetic code of two
  • 00:26:06
    species scientists can determine how
  • 00:26:09
    long they've been evolving away from
  • 00:26:11
    each other when Mark used the molecular
  • 00:26:14
    clock to count the differences between
  • 00:26:16
    the DNA of gorilla lice and human pubic
  • 00:26:20
    lice he came up with a date for their
  • 00:26:23
    Divergence the estimated date for the
  • 00:26:25
    Divergence is roughly 3 million years
  • 00:26:29
    that means long before turab boy maybe
  • 00:26:32
    even around Lucy's time our ancestors
  • 00:26:36
    had slowly begun to lose their body
  • 00:26:40
    hair turab boy was mostly hairless just
  • 00:26:44
    like
  • 00:26:47
    us and that may be what gave him an edge
  • 00:26:51
    over other
  • 00:26:53
    Predators most animals are at a
  • 00:26:55
    disadvantage in the midday Sun because
  • 00:26:58
    they overheat they can only cool down by
  • 00:27:02
    panting and when they run fast they
  • 00:27:05
    can't pant that means they can only run
  • 00:27:08
    in short
  • 00:27:10
    Sprints quad pets can get out for about
  • 00:27:13
    10 to 15 minutes and then they overheat
  • 00:27:15
    but hominids can cool down by sweating
  • 00:27:19
    they use their entire body like like a
  • 00:27:20
    dog's
  • 00:27:22
    tongue our hairless bodies allow air to
  • 00:27:25
    circulate freely on our skin and cool us
  • 00:27:28
    down as sweat evaporates this makes us
  • 00:27:31
    one of the best longdistance runners in
  • 00:27:34
    the animal
  • 00:27:35
    kingdom Dan liberman believes this gave
  • 00:27:38
    our ancestors the ability to hunt in a
  • 00:27:41
    very unusual way it's called persistence
  • 00:27:46
    [Music]
  • 00:27:48
    hunting and he believes the modern
  • 00:27:50
    ethnographic record can show us how it
  • 00:27:53
    was
  • 00:27:56
    done the Bushmen of the Kalahari offer
  • 00:27:59
    us an insight into how Homo erectus
  • 00:28:03
    might have hunted 2 million years
  • 00:28:06
    ago the Bushmen know that at midday
  • 00:28:10
    animals rest in the shade which is why
  • 00:28:12
    it's the perfect time to be
  • 00:28:15
    hunting once they locate their prey in
  • 00:28:18
    this case audu the marathon begins
  • 00:28:28
    their strategy is simple run it to
  • 00:28:33
    exhaustion every time the animal tries
  • 00:28:36
    to rest the hunters track it down and
  • 00:28:39
    get it moving again they never give it a
  • 00:28:42
    chance to cool
  • 00:28:43
    down and the reason they can keep going
  • 00:28:47
    is that they can
  • 00:28:51
    sweat so if the theory is right the
  • 00:28:54
    Bushman hunt may help explain how taboy
  • 00:28:58
    got his
  • 00:29:01
    meat Homo erectus had come up with an
  • 00:29:04
    Innovative way of feeding his hungry
  • 00:29:07
    [Music]
  • 00:29:12
    brain in this modern hunt the Bushmen
  • 00:29:15
    ran in the fierce heat for over 4
  • 00:29:19
    hours the kudu was finally immobilized
  • 00:29:23
    by heat
  • 00:29:26
    stroke tur boy wouldn't have had steel
  • 00:29:29
    tipped Spears like the Bushman but he
  • 00:29:32
    wouldn't have needed
  • 00:29:36
    them homore is probably hunted with
  • 00:29:39
    Close Quarters weapons with Spears that
  • 00:29:40
    were thrown at animals from a short
  • 00:29:42
    distance clubs thrown rocks weapons like
  • 00:29:45
    that they weren't using longdistance
  • 00:29:47
    projectile weapons that we know
  • 00:29:49
    [Music]
  • 00:29:51
    of the homo erectus hunt was simple but
  • 00:29:56
    effective it fed not just their larger
  • 00:29:59
    brains but the growing complexity of
  • 00:30:02
    that early human
  • 00:30:07
    society there are other social animals
  • 00:30:11
    but none quite like
  • 00:30:13
    [Music]
  • 00:30:16
    us Society is in every corner of our
  • 00:30:20
    lives our relationships communication
  • 00:30:24
    rules symbolism all the things that bind
  • 00:30:27
    us
  • 00:30:29
    together what's behind it why do we
  • 00:30:32
    become so
  • 00:30:35
    social could it have something to do
  • 00:30:37
    with another
  • 00:30:39
    Innovation something unprecedented in
  • 00:30:42
    our
  • 00:30:43
    Evolution building fires and
  • 00:30:47
    cooking here we got erectus the first
  • 00:30:49
    species that looks like us and I think
  • 00:30:52
    only cooking can explain the magnitude
  • 00:30:54
    of this
  • 00:30:56
    change the earliest evidence that our
  • 00:30:58
    ancestors deliberately used fire for
  • 00:31:01
    cooking dates to long after taby's
  • 00:31:05
    time but Richard rangam is sure Homo
  • 00:31:08
    erectus was building fires much
  • 00:31:13
    earlier now for the first time we had a
  • 00:31:15
    species that was committed to living on
  • 00:31:17
    the ground because they lose their
  • 00:31:19
    climbing
  • 00:31:20
    adaptations well how were they sleeping
  • 00:31:24
    they had to be able to protect
  • 00:31:25
    themselves from wild animals on the
  • 00:31:28
    African Savannah full of predators who
  • 00:31:30
    hunt by Night Richard believes turab boy
  • 00:31:34
    and his people couldn't have survived
  • 00:31:37
    Without
  • 00:31:38
    fire and he thinks only cooking which
  • 00:31:41
    makes food more soft and digestible can
  • 00:31:44
    explain why Homo erectus evolves smaller
  • 00:31:47
    teeth and a much smaller gut these
  • 00:31:51
    things are compatible with the reduced
  • 00:31:53
    cost of digestion produced by cooking
  • 00:31:55
    food nothing else is as our ancestors
  • 00:31:59
    reaped the benefits of cooking something
  • 00:32:01
    else happened too at least according to
  • 00:32:05
    Rum we became more social humans have
  • 00:32:09
    this wonderfully calm temperament
  • 00:32:11
    compared to chimpanzees say where did it
  • 00:32:14
    come from we were drawn to a common
  • 00:32:17
    place the
  • 00:32:19
    fireplace rum believes we learned to
  • 00:32:21
    share and
  • 00:32:23
    communicate sitting around fires waiting
  • 00:32:26
    for food to cook
  • 00:32:29
    look it's speculative but one thing is
  • 00:32:32
    for sure in the homo erectus World new
  • 00:32:36
    social relationships had to be
  • 00:32:39
    evolving the bonds between mothers and
  • 00:32:42
    children must have been very different
  • 00:32:44
    from the
  • 00:32:47
    Apes for example a mother aratan will
  • 00:32:51
    not allow any other individual to take
  • 00:32:54
    her infant will be in constant SK skin
  • 00:32:58
    to- skin contact with that baby for at
  • 00:33:00
    least the first 6 months of life not a
  • 00:33:03
    moment out of contact secure in this
  • 00:33:06
    unbreakable mother infant Bond ape
  • 00:33:09
    babies need less capacity to read the
  • 00:33:11
    intentions of others than human
  • 00:33:14
    babies whose bond with their mothers is
  • 00:33:17
    surprisingly less
  • 00:33:19
    secure the shocking fact is that human
  • 00:33:23
    mothers abandon their infants much more
  • 00:33:25
    often than eight mothers infanticide by
  • 00:33:29
    a mother is more common among humans
  • 00:33:32
    than any other higher ape maternal
  • 00:33:35
    commitment is a lot more contingent in
  • 00:33:37
    humans than it seems to be in other Apes
  • 00:33:41
    unlike most primates human mothers share
  • 00:33:44
    parenting with
  • 00:33:46
    others a child's survival can depend on
  • 00:33:49
    making itself appealing to a number of
  • 00:33:53
    caregivers perhaps that's why human
  • 00:33:56
    infants have evolved a uniquely acute
  • 00:34:00
    sensitivity human infants are born
  • 00:34:03
    connoisseurs of mothers reading her
  • 00:34:06
    facial expression looking for signs of
  • 00:34:12
    commitment we are born hardwired with an
  • 00:34:15
    awareness of the intentions and emotions
  • 00:34:17
    of others which is unique in the animal
  • 00:34:22
    world when did humans develop this gift
  • 00:34:26
    for a attributing mental States and
  • 00:34:29
    feelings to others and for caring about
  • 00:34:32
    what others thought about
  • 00:34:34
    them could these social instincts have
  • 00:34:37
    developed with Homo erectus along with
  • 00:34:41
    Cooperative hunting bigger brains longer
  • 00:34:44
    childhoods and the use of
  • 00:34:48
    fire perhaps toab boy and his people
  • 00:34:51
    already had social skills that would be
  • 00:34:54
    familiar to
  • 00:34:56
    us here were intelligent social beings
  • 00:35:00
    with an increasing capacity for
  • 00:35:06
    cooperation it may be this that made
  • 00:35:09
    possible another great achievement The
  • 00:35:11
    Exodus from
  • 00:35:14
    Africa for millions of years our
  • 00:35:17
    earliest ancestors stayed on the African
  • 00:35:20
    savanas but at some point they started
  • 00:35:23
    to
  • 00:35:25
    leave ancient fossil skulls and tools
  • 00:35:29
    have been found as far away as China and
  • 00:35:33
    Indonesia the question is when did they
  • 00:35:36
    leave Africa and
  • 00:35:39
    why when turab boy was found scientists
  • 00:35:43
    thought they had the
  • 00:35:44
    answer here was a strong large-brained
  • 00:35:48
    ancestor capable of an arduous
  • 00:35:51
    migration he had the look of a World
  • 00:35:54
    Conqueror in the mid 1980s we were
  • 00:35:58
    thinking that a homid like this one had
  • 00:36:00
    left Africa but had done it maybe about
  • 00:36:02
    a million years
  • 00:36:04
    ago for decades scientists believed big
  • 00:36:08
    strapping humans like turab boy left
  • 00:36:11
    Africa a million years ago but new
  • 00:36:14
    discoveries are showing the migration
  • 00:36:17
    may have started a lot earlier than
  • 00:36:21
    that dimini
  • 00:36:24
    Georgia the mountains and plains of the
  • 00:36:26
    caucuses thousands of miles from the
  • 00:36:29
    Great Rift Valley had never produced any
  • 00:36:32
    fossils of early human
  • 00:36:36
    ancestors but then an astonishing
  • 00:36:39
    Discovery was
  • 00:36:45
    made it was a lower jaw with teeth
  • 00:36:48
    downward this way in the
  • 00:36:51
    ground so when I started to clean those
  • 00:36:54
    front teeth came to light it became
  • 00:36:57
    obvious to me that we had found some
  • 00:36:59
    kind of
  • 00:37:01
    homade but what
  • 00:37:04
    kind the jaw seemed to be a primitive
  • 00:37:07
    form of homo
  • 00:37:08
    erectus but at first hardly anyone
  • 00:37:11
    believed
  • 00:37:13
    it in 91 when we found this
  • 00:37:16
    jaw this was lot of scientists were
  • 00:37:20
    quite skeptical about it was it was very
  • 00:37:23
    hard to imagine Georgia Caucasus to be
  • 00:37:26
    on the map of the human
  • 00:37:29
    evolution since then demoni has been put
  • 00:37:32
    on the map of human evolution in a big
  • 00:37:35
    way the site has turned up a treasure
  • 00:37:38
    Trove of homo erectus
  • 00:37:41
    fossils they've transformed our
  • 00:37:43
    understanding of who left Africa and
  • 00:37:47
    when they showed that the first humans
  • 00:37:49
    to leave Africa were much more primitive
  • 00:37:52
    than turab boy people thought that the
  • 00:37:55
    homins that left Africa were very tall
  • 00:37:59
    like turab boy with big Brands advanced
  • 00:38:02
    technology and the Mani proved the the
  • 00:38:05
    opposite at 4 and 1/2 ft tall they were
  • 00:38:09
    smaller than turab
  • 00:38:11
    boy with more aplike shoulders and a
  • 00:38:14
    simple stone technology they are much
  • 00:38:17
    more primitive they have small brains
  • 00:38:20
    and same time they were using very
  • 00:38:23
    primitive stone
  • 00:38:25
    tools the next surprise came when they
  • 00:38:27
    dated the
  • 00:38:29
    site the ancient dimini landscape has
  • 00:38:32
    been built up layer by layer over
  • 00:38:35
    millions of
  • 00:38:37
    years 1.81 million years ago massive
  • 00:38:42
    volcanic eruptions deposited a layer of
  • 00:38:46
    Ash the fossils sat on top of this ash
  • 00:38:49
    so must have been slightly younger
  • 00:38:52
    around 1.8 million years
  • 00:38:56
    old to the vast majority of scientists
  • 00:38:59
    who believe that all our ancestors
  • 00:39:01
    evolved in Africa this was a stunning
  • 00:39:05
    surprise how had a small primitive Homo
  • 00:39:08
    erectus migrated to the Caucasus almost
  • 00:39:11
    2 million years ago long before toab
  • 00:39:16
    boy scientists now accept that as soon
  • 00:39:19
    as Homo erectus appeared on the savanas
  • 00:39:21
    of Africa they started to
  • 00:39:25
    leave suddenly with the origin of
  • 00:39:27
    erectus we get this shift in body shape
  • 00:39:30
    and then boom They're Out of Africa
  • 00:39:32
    right
  • 00:39:33
    away the Georgia fossils proved that
  • 00:39:36
    homo erectus left Africa much earlier
  • 00:39:39
    than previously thought an even more
  • 00:39:42
    provocative find shows the migration may
  • 00:39:45
    have started even
  • 00:39:48
    earlier 5,000 m from
  • 00:39:53
    Africa the island of Flores Indonesia
  • 00:39:59
    in 2003 researchers made a discovery so
  • 00:40:02
    strange nobody knew what to make of
  • 00:40:06
    it they found the bones of a tiny human
  • 00:40:09
    ancestor just over 3 ft tall even
  • 00:40:13
    smaller than the dimini fossils they
  • 00:40:17
    called this baffling new ancestor homo
  • 00:40:21
    floresiensis and because of its tiny
  • 00:40:23
    size nicknamed it The Hobbit
  • 00:40:29
    this has created a tremendous amount of
  • 00:40:31
    grief because we're not really sure of
  • 00:40:33
    what we're seeing here uh the size of
  • 00:40:36
    the hoppit brain endocast is roughly 400
  • 00:40:41
    CC's that's barely bigger than the brain
  • 00:40:44
    of Lucy the famous bipedal Ape from 3
  • 00:40:47
    million years
  • 00:40:51
    ago it's not just a small brain and A
  • 00:40:54
    Primitive looking face but the foot's
  • 00:40:55
    primitive the hands primitive the leg is
  • 00:40:57
    primitive the lower limb is very much
  • 00:40:59
    like the Lucy skeleton that was a big
  • 00:41:04
    surprise and in the cave where this
  • 00:41:06
    primitive creature was found they also
  • 00:41:09
    uncovered stone tools something Lucy
  • 00:41:12
    never
  • 00:41:13
    had people have for a long time said
  • 00:41:16
    well you need a big brain to make stone
  • 00:41:17
    tools uh well okay homop Anis is making
  • 00:41:20
    stone tools this creature has the brain
  • 00:41:21
    the size of an orange clearly that
  • 00:41:23
    equation's
  • 00:41:25
    gone everything about these creatures is
  • 00:41:28
    an
  • 00:41:29
    enigma where did they come from and what
  • 00:41:32
    were they some researchers have argued
  • 00:41:35
    that floresiensis is just a dwarfed
  • 00:41:38
    population of modern people that
  • 00:41:40
    suffered some kind of disease that
  • 00:41:42
    caused them to both dwarf and have
  • 00:41:44
    relatively small
  • 00:41:46
    brains but when scientists took a closer
  • 00:41:49
    look most saw no evidence of
  • 00:41:52
    disease the stone tools and the shape of
  • 00:41:55
    the face moved the focus to to our old
  • 00:41:57
    friend Homo
  • 00:41:59
    erectus some researchers think that
  • 00:42:02
    homofloriensis evolved from Homo
  • 00:42:05
    erectus but how did they get so
  • 00:42:08
    small something called Island dwarfism
  • 00:42:12
    may be the
  • 00:42:13
    answer isolated on islands with limited
  • 00:42:16
    food large mammals sometimes shrink over
  • 00:42:20
    time on flues there were once pygmy
  • 00:42:24
    elephants the size of cows
  • 00:42:28
    could the same evolutionary pressure
  • 00:42:30
    have acted on Homo erectus to produce
  • 00:42:33
    The
  • 00:42:34
    Hobbit or was this mysterious creature
  • 00:42:37
    descended from an even more primitive
  • 00:42:40
    ancestor so perhaps we're sampling a
  • 00:42:43
    period which is at the very beginning of
  • 00:42:46
    the homo
  • 00:42:47
    lineage so whatever The Hobbit was
  • 00:42:51
    perhaps its ancestors were the very
  • 00:42:53
    first wave of migration Out of Africa
  • 00:42:57
    some unknown creature part bipedal AP
  • 00:43:00
    like Lucy and part Homo
  • 00:43:04
    [Music]
  • 00:43:08
    erectus so if that's the case then what
  • 00:43:11
    we see in Indonesia makes sense it's
  • 00:43:14
    kind of a body that existed before human
  • 00:43:17
    bodies became more
  • 00:43:19
    [Music]
  • 00:43:21
    modern what would push such primitive
  • 00:43:24
    creatures out of Africa
  • 00:43:32
    a key driving force behind the migration
  • 00:43:35
    was probably a climate
  • 00:43:37
    shift which spread grasslands from
  • 00:43:40
    Africa into
  • 00:43:42
    [Music]
  • 00:43:45
    Asia and with the grasses went the game
  • 00:43:50
    animals animals are going to be moving
  • 00:43:52
    out of Africa and the hominids will just
  • 00:43:54
    be keeping Pace with those animals after
  • 00:43:56
    all that's their livelihood
  • 00:43:58
    of course our ancestors didn't know they
  • 00:44:00
    were leaving Africa they just followed
  • 00:44:03
    the animals they depended on through the
  • 00:44:06
    canani up into the Middle East and
  • 00:44:10
    Beyond it's often been called an exodus
  • 00:44:14
    but it really wasn't like that when
  • 00:44:17
    people think of Exodus they think of the
  • 00:44:18
    Bible or they think of migration they
  • 00:44:20
    think of Europeans coming over here to
  • 00:44:21
    the new world it probably wasn't like
  • 00:44:24
    any historical migration this this
  • 00:44:27
    dispersal of humans Out of
  • 00:44:29
    Africa the process was probably very
  • 00:44:33
    very
  • 00:44:34
    slow much like the spread of any other
  • 00:44:36
    animal species into new
  • 00:44:39
    territories you could imagine a group of
  • 00:44:42
    homo erectus moving their range a
  • 00:44:45
    kilometer a year in One Direction and
  • 00:44:48
    doing that continually over a long
  • 00:44:51
    enough period of time you can get the
  • 00:44:53
    distance from Africa to Indonesia
  • 00:44:56
    covered in and say 15,000
  • 00:45:00
    years by a million years ago our
  • 00:45:03
    ancestors had populated Asia from the
  • 00:45:06
    caucuses to
  • 00:45:10
    Indonesia and they were in Europe too as
  • 00:45:13
    a recent discovery in Spain has
  • 00:45:15
    [Music]
  • 00:45:16
    shown Homo erectus had conquered the old
  • 00:45:25
    world the fact that they made it so far
  • 00:45:28
    with limited technology and relatively
  • 00:45:31
    small brains makes them seem even more
  • 00:45:37
    remarkable and their longevity was
  • 00:45:40
    astonishing a few pockets of homo
  • 00:45:42
    erectus may have been still Clinging On
  • 00:45:45
    in Asia just 50,000 years ago that's a
  • 00:45:49
    span of two million
  • 00:45:53
    years our own species has only been
  • 00:45:56
    around for
  • 00:46:00
    200,000 what was the secret of homo
  • 00:46:02
    erectus
  • 00:46:04
    [Music]
  • 00:46:06
    success the amazing finds at dimini have
  • 00:46:09
    given us one last
  • 00:46:11
    clue one of the skulls belonged to an
  • 00:46:14
    old man his Jawbone revealed he had lost
  • 00:46:18
    all his teeth well before he died that
  • 00:46:21
    was a real surprise it means that this
  • 00:46:24
    individual survived 2 years without
  • 00:46:28
    teeth for an elder to have survived that
  • 00:46:31
    long without teeth must mean that others
  • 00:46:34
    in the group were feeding him perhaps
  • 00:46:37
    even chewing his food for him I love
  • 00:46:41
    this story this was a remarkable
  • 00:46:44
    testimony from the past about the
  • 00:46:46
    quality of emotional life that may have
  • 00:46:50
    characterized Homo
  • 00:46:52
    erectus here is a tantalizing clue to
  • 00:46:55
    what may be this ancestors most
  • 00:46:58
    important
  • 00:46:59
    Legacy the instinct to look after each
  • 00:47:05
    other and it helps us imagine tab boy's
  • 00:47:08
    final day on
  • 00:47:10
    [Music]
  • 00:47:15
    Earth in the animator's scenario he
  • 00:47:18
    starts the day out on a
  • 00:47:23
    hunt but he has trouble keeping up with
  • 00:47:25
    the hunting party
  • 00:47:30
    why the evidence from his skeleton is
  • 00:47:33
    that he was sick and in pain at the time
  • 00:47:35
    he
  • 00:47:36
    died if we look at his lower jaw we can
  • 00:47:39
    see right here under the teeth that
  • 00:47:42
    we've got a bit of an abscess and an
  • 00:47:44
    infection that kind of an infection
  • 00:47:47
    could have entered the rest of his body
  • 00:47:48
    could have killed him an abscess that
  • 00:47:51
    ate away that much of his Jawbone would
  • 00:47:53
    have been agonizing
  • 00:47:57
    turab boy is in so much pain he's unable
  • 00:48:01
    to continue the
  • 00:48:04
    hunt knowing he would be looked after
  • 00:48:08
    perhaps he returned to his campsite to
  • 00:48:10
    find Comfort among the
  • 00:48:13
    females I think he was probably a
  • 00:48:15
    miserable fellow um in a lot of pain and
  • 00:48:18
    very dependent on on support and
  • 00:48:22
    handouts so it was a species that
  • 00:48:24
    already felt that his one of our
  • 00:48:26
    weaklings that you know we love and must
  • 00:48:29
    must protect and care for to have got
  • 00:48:30
    him that
  • 00:48:32
    far but however much they may have
  • 00:48:35
    wanted to help him there was nothing
  • 00:48:37
    they could do about the infection that
  • 00:48:40
    was probably spreading through his
  • 00:48:42
    [Music]
  • 00:48:45
    body from what the evidence suggests I
  • 00:48:48
    just always imagined him not knowing
  • 00:48:51
    what was wrong with him and there's a
  • 00:48:54
    sadness to it but all ultimately from
  • 00:48:57
    that comes this Immortal
  • 00:49:02
    being his skeleton was so complete it is
  • 00:49:06
    likely he died in water which would have
  • 00:49:09
    protected
  • 00:49:10
    [Music]
  • 00:49:14
    him it's very unusual to get a skeleton
  • 00:49:17
    because normally these things are eaten
  • 00:49:18
    by Carnival and in this case it seems
  • 00:49:21
    that the boy's body was washed into a
  • 00:49:23
    swamp and so the carnivals never saw it
  • 00:49:25
    and never destroyed it and it gradually
  • 00:49:28
    decomposed and as the rivers flooded
  • 00:49:30
    brought in more sediment buried it and
  • 00:49:33
    you could see Footprints of hippos that
  • 00:49:35
    had walked all over the bones and and
  • 00:49:37
    some of the ribs and things were
  • 00:49:39
    standing vertically instead of lying
  • 00:49:40
    flat on the ground and you could sort of
  • 00:49:43
    reconstruct the situation and how what
  • 00:49:45
    boy what had happened after he died and
  • 00:49:47
    and why he was complete it was just it
  • 00:49:49
    really was it was amazing experience to
  • 00:49:52
    see
  • 00:49:55
    it for almost 2 million years his bones
  • 00:49:59
    were preserved by the Earth their
  • 00:50:02
    Discovery opened a window for us on an
  • 00:50:05
    unknown
  • 00:50:07
    world the world of the most successful
  • 00:50:10
    human ancestor of all
  • 00:50:12
    time Homo
  • 00:50:14
    [Music]
  • 00:50:16
    erectus they've revealed to us that
  • 00:50:19
    mysterious moment when almost everything
  • 00:50:22
    human was born our bodies Our Minds our
  • 00:50:30
    emotions think of all we've
  • 00:50:34
    [Music]
  • 00:50:38
    become trace the threads of our Origins
  • 00:50:41
    through the ancestors who went before
  • 00:50:44
    they all lead back to taboy and His Kind
  • 00:50:48
    the first humans
  • 00:50:51
    [Music]
  • 00:51:01
    Nova's got a brand new Evolution website
  • 00:51:04
    with lots to explore about our ancestors
  • 00:51:07
    we want to know what you think bookmark
  • 00:51:09
    it today and give us your feedback find
  • 00:51:12
    it at
  • 00:51:15
    pbs.org for millions of years our
  • 00:51:18
    ancestors shared the planet with other
  • 00:51:20
    human
  • 00:51:21
    species why were we the sole survivors
  • 00:51:25
    could the fate of the neander hold the
  • 00:51:27
    key this is one of the main goals of
  • 00:51:30
    sequencing the nandal genome
  • 00:51:33
    groundbreaking evidence tells a new
  • 00:51:34
    story of human evolution our story part
  • 00:51:38
    three of becoming human last human
  • 00:51:40
    standing next time on Nova
  • 00:51:51
    [Music]
  • 00:52:08
    this Nova program is available on DVD
  • 00:52:10
    and Blu-ray at shop
  • 00:52:12
    pbs.org or call 1 1800 playay PBS
  • 00:52:17
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    [Music]
Tags
  • Homo erectus
  • evolução humana
  • fósseis
  • Turaboy
  • fogo
  • fabricação de ferramentas
  • caça
  • migrar África
  • dwarfismo insular
  • comunicação