Cell Injury | Reversible vs Irreversible cell injury | General Pathology Animated USMLE step1

00:06:08
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXpxSTiYbyQ

摘要

TLDRThe video elaborates on cell injury, a critical topic for USMLE Step One, detailing how cells respond to stress and the differences between reversible and irreversible cell injuries. Causes of cell injury include physical damage like trauma, hypoxia, immune reactions, nutritional imbalances, and infections. It explains the physiological response to stress, adaptations, and the eventual outcomes such as apoptosis or necrosis. The discussion of reversible injury encapsulates changes in ATP levels, membrane integrity, and protein synthesis. In contrast, irreversible injury leads to severe nuclear changes and loss of cellular function. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of understanding cell injury mechanisms and their implications for health.

心得

  • 📝 Cell injury is crucial for medical understanding.
  • 🔄 There are two types of cell injury: reversible and irreversible.
  • ⚡️ Causes of cell injury include physical damage and hypoxia.
  • 🧬 Immune reactions and infections can also lead to cell injury.
  • ⚙️ In reversible injury, ATP levels drop but can recover.
  • 🔍 Irreversible injury leads to cell death via necrosis or apoptosis.
  • 📉 Different cell types have varied susceptibilities to injury.
  • 🛠️ The impact of stress depends on its duration and intensity.
  • 🏥 Understanding these processes helps in medical assessments.
  • ✍️ More educational resources are available on their social media.

时间轴

  • 00:00:00 - 00:06:08

    The video discusses cell injury, a crucial topic for the USMLE Step 1 exam. Cell injury can occur when cells experience stress beyond their adaptation capability, leading to either reversible or irreversible injury. Irreversible injury results in cell death through apoptosis or necrosis, while reversible injury allows for repair and recovery. The main causes of cell injury include physical damage, hypoxia, immune reactions, genetic disorders, infections, and nutritional imbalances. The extent and type of injury vary depending on the nature and duration of the stress, with different cell types exhibiting varying susceptibility. Reversible injury results in ATP depletion affecting cellular functions and membrane integrity, while irreversible injury is characterized by significant nuclear changes and damage to cellular structures.

思维导图

视频问答

  • What is cell injury?

    Cell injury refers to damage to cells caused by stress that exceeds their adaptive capacity.

  • What are the two types of cell injury?

    The two types of cell injury are reversible and irreversible.

  • What causes physical damage to cells?

    Physical damage can be caused by trauma, radiation, or heat.

  • What is hypoxia?

    Hypoxia is a lack of oxygen which can result from anemia, ischemia, or cardiopulmonary failure.

  • How can infection cause cell injury?

    Infections from viruses, parasites, or bacteria can directly damage cells.

  • What happens during reversible cell injury?

    During reversible injury, ATP levels drop, leading to dysfunctional ion pumps and decreased protein synthesis.

  • What are the hallmarks of irreversible cell injury?

    Hallmarks include nuclear degradation, lysosomal rupture, and dysfunction of the electron transport chain.

  • What are the stages of nuclear changes during irreversible injury?

    Stages include chromatin condensation, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis.

  • How can one support the educational content provided?

    Support can be provided via super thanks, Paypal, UPI, or net banking.

  • Where to find more resources from this channel?

    Resources can be found on their Facebook and Instagram pages.

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  • 00:00:00
    in this video we'll talk about the cell
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    injury and the causes of cell injury
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    this is a high yield topic for USMLE
  • 00:00:06
    step one stay tuned till the end of the
  • 00:00:08
    video and don't forget to subscribe cell
  • 00:00:10
    injury can be caused due to Cellular
  • 00:00:12
    stress when cell experience stress is
  • 00:00:14
    try to overcome the stress by doing
  • 00:00:17
    adaptation there are many methods of
  • 00:00:19
    adaptation but imagine a situation when
  • 00:00:21
    cell can't adapt to the stress
  • 00:00:24
    that leads to cell injury there could be
  • 00:00:26
    also obnoxious stimulus that lead to
  • 00:00:29
    cell injury there are two kinds of cell
  • 00:00:31
    injury irreversible and reversible
  • 00:00:34
    now in case of irreversible cell injury
  • 00:00:37
    the outcomes are apoptosis or necrosis
  • 00:00:40
    that means ultimately the death of the
  • 00:00:41
    cell these are extreme outcomes but in
  • 00:00:44
    reversible injury there could be repair
  • 00:00:46
    and cell can get back to normal in most
  • 00:00:48
    of the cases
  • 00:00:50
    so let's talk about the causes that can
  • 00:00:52
    lead to cell injury
  • 00:00:54
    in order to understand that we have to
  • 00:00:55
    understand things that can lead to
  • 00:00:57
    stress anyway stress can lead to chain
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    lead to changes in the cell
  • 00:01:03
    and cell can experience stress due to
  • 00:01:06
    external or internal change in the
  • 00:01:08
    environment
  • 00:01:09
    the organelles that are responsive to
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    stress are mitochondria ER nucleus and
  • 00:01:14
    plasma membrane
  • 00:01:15
    there are two kind of
  • 00:01:17
    outcomes towards stress that we already
  • 00:01:19
    discussed adoption to the stress or cell
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    death
  • 00:01:24
    first cause of cell injury is physical
  • 00:01:27
    damage like trauma like radiation or
  • 00:01:29
    let's say injury due to heat
  • 00:01:31
    second cause is hypoxia lack of oxygen
  • 00:01:34
    it could be due to anemia ischemia
  • 00:01:38
    cardiopulmonary failure or even due to
  • 00:01:41
    sewer poisoning these are few of the
  • 00:01:43
    causes of hypoxic reaction there could
  • 00:01:46
    be immune reaction that lead to killing
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    of the one particular cell type there
  • 00:01:51
    could be genetic disorders which make
  • 00:01:53
    cells more prone to stress and decrease
  • 00:01:57
    its ability to adoption
  • 00:01:59
    now there are several causes of cell
  • 00:02:03
    injury which involves infection
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    like viral infection parasite infection
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    bacterial infection there could be also
  • 00:02:10
    nutritional imbalance that can cause
  • 00:02:12
    cell injury
  • 00:02:15
    now cell injury often happens due to
  • 00:02:17
    stress
  • 00:02:18
    when it is more than the capability of
  • 00:02:22
    adaptation
  • 00:02:23
    now the extent of injury depends on the
  • 00:02:25
    nature of the stress
  • 00:02:28
    for example neurons are sensitive to
  • 00:02:30
    ischemic injuries than the skeletal
  • 00:02:33
    muscle that tells us there are cell type
  • 00:02:36
    specific susceptibility towards a stress
  • 00:02:40
    there could be also duration of the
  • 00:02:42
    stimulus that can lead to different
  • 00:02:44
    degree of injury for example slow
  • 00:02:46
    developing ischemia and acute ischemia
  • 00:02:49
    has different outcomes slow developing
  • 00:02:51
    ischemia leads to atrophy of renal
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    artery
  • 00:02:55
    whereas acute ischemia leads to renal
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    artery imbolus so we can understand the
  • 00:03:01
    diversity of the outcomes based on the
  • 00:03:04
    intensity and the duration
  • 00:03:06
    now let's talk about the reversible
  • 00:03:08
    injury and its features in case of
  • 00:03:11
    reversible injury ATP level drops when
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    ATP level drops the pumps the molecules
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    that requires ATP becomes non-functional
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    for example activity of calcium channels
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    and sodium potassium ion exchange pump
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    their activity drops
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    the ribosomal or polysomal complexes
  • 00:03:31
    that are attached to the endoplasmic
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    reticulum gets detached under this kind
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    of reversible injury
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    which leads to a decrease in protein
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    synthesis anyway plasma membrane
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    composition can also be changed there
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    could be alteration in the lipid
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    composition blabbing or even the
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    membrane Integrity can be compromised
  • 00:03:52
    nuclear changes in in the nucleus one
  • 00:03:56
    can see the chromatin gets clamped in
  • 00:04:00
    case of reversible injury that's a very
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    initial part of the injury
  • 00:04:04
    so overall all these cellular and
  • 00:04:07
    molecular changes leads to loss in
  • 00:04:10
    cellular function
  • 00:04:11
    in case of irreversible injury which is
  • 00:04:14
    more at one stage of injury it it leads
  • 00:04:17
    to nuclear degradation
  • 00:04:19
    there are different stages of nuclear
  • 00:04:21
    changes will come to it but anyway
  • 00:04:22
    nuclear degradation condensation and
  • 00:04:24
    fragmentation of the genome
  • 00:04:27
    there could be rupture of the lysosome
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    which leads to like bursting of all the
  • 00:04:32
    content of the lysosome which is
  • 00:04:34
    released in the cytoplasm could be
  • 00:04:36
    detrimental for the cellular physiology
  • 00:04:37
    there could be damages into the plasma
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    membrane or there could be
  • 00:04:41
    compromisation of the mitochondrial
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    permeability so what we learn in case of
  • 00:04:45
    irreversible injury the key Hallmarks
  • 00:04:48
    are loss of the electron transport chain
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    or dysfunction of the electron transport
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    chain amorphous densities or inclusion
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    bodies can be found in mitochondria
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    there could be chromatin condensation
  • 00:05:01
    and there could be also burst of the
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    lysosome known as autolysis
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    anyway nuclear fragmentation has
  • 00:05:07
    different stages this is how a healthy
  • 00:05:09
    nucleus look like stained in blue in
  • 00:05:12
    case of hypnosis there is an
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    irreversible condensation of the
  • 00:05:15
    chromatin and and the nuclear nucleus
  • 00:05:19
    actually shrinks there could be a
  • 00:05:22
    carrier axis which leads to destructive
  • 00:05:24
    fragmentation of the nucleus and the
  • 00:05:27
    debris are like
  • 00:05:29
    sparged all over the cytoplasm there
  • 00:05:32
    could be karyolysis which is complete
  • 00:05:34
    dissolution of the chromatin due to the
  • 00:05:37
    action of nucleuses so these are
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    different phases of the nuclear damage
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    any of these can be underlying a
  • 00:05:43
    irreversible injuries
  • 00:05:45
    so I hope overall this video was useful
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标签
  • cell injury
  • reversible injury
  • irreversible injury
  • hypoxia
  • physical damage
  • infection
  • cell adaptation
  • USMLE
  • medical education
  • nuclear changes