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have you ever wondered how some of the
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largest websites handle millions of
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users simultaneously without crashing or
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how they transfer your data securely
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when directing you to the right server
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in this video we're going to dive into
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the three critical web components which
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are proxies reverse proxies and load
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balancers whether you are an engineer or
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just curious about how the internet
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works behind the scenes in this video we
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will break down these complex Concepts
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in simple easy to understand terms so
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let's get started imagine you were
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planning a dinner at a popular
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restaurant but you don't want to
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interact directly with the staff because
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you're too busy or too lazy or you're
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shy whatever the reason so instead you
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have a personal assistant who makes the
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reservation on your behalf so the
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restaurant staff never interacts
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directly with you they only communicate
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with your assistant in this scenario you
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are the laptop that you use to browse
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the internet and your personal assistant
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is a proxy server and proxy server acts
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as a middleman between your private
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Network which your laptop is connected
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to and the public internet where your
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requests go out and the proxy is
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protecting your laptop by filtering
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traffic and blocking any harmful
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websites or scripts or code before the
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response gets forwarded back to you now
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in a company scenario where this is more
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important let's say you have many
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employees and they are browsing the
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internet and going on who knows what
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websites so for example if your
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marketing employee visits some shady
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website and clicks on a link to download
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some new presentation tool in maybe a
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malicious website so they send some
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virus as a response along with the tool
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and when a malicious content or script
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penetrates your company internal Network
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through one employees computer it may do
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some real damage to many other things in
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your company so to protect the internal
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Network an administrator in the company
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May configure all internet traffic of
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all employees machines to be routed
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through a proxy so proxy will now stand
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as the guard of your company internal
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Network you can Blacklist any websites
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that you don't want any of your people
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to visit and proxy will block this
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traffic but for any other requests that
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actually do go out to the to various
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websites it will also scan the responses
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for any viruses and of course block them
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if they are malicious so it acts as a
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shield between your private Network and
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the public internet plus it can also log
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user activity to show what sites people
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are visiting and on top of that proxy
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also has another important feature which
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is caching responses so for example if
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one engineer in your company visits this
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tutorial video about proxies to learn
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new skills the proxy will fetch that
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video from YouTube and cach it locally
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so now when 10 other Engineers see that
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and decide they also want to watch such
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informative tutorial to learn new skills
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proxy will just return the cached copy
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instead of fetching it again from
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YouTube and this way it will save
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bandwidth and reduce any unnecessary
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traffic to the internet and this kind of
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proxy is also called a forward proxy now
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back to our restaurant analogy your
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assistant made the reservation and you
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arrive now what you do is instead of
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wandering around looking for a table
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yourself you check in at the reception
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desk right the receptionist tells you
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follow me and shows you to the right
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table so here the receptionist is also a
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proxy but this time on a receiving end
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of the request it sits in front of the
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restaurant's internal dining areas which
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in our case are the servers and manages
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the incoming requests or the guests and
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distributes them to the right Tables by
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checking the capacity and having
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overview of the entire flow and this
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proxy sitting on the server side
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handling those incoming requests from
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clients is called a reverse proxy and
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the function of Distributing the guests
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evenly across dining areas and tables is
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load balancing which is one of the key
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functionalities of a reverse proxy but
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it's not the only functionality reverse
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proxies actually have most of the
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features that the forward proxies have
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like acting as a shield to protect the
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servers because when you have hundreds
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of servers and they all have access to
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sensitive data or code it's really
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dangerous to expose all hundred servers
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directly to the internet instead you
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protect them in an internal Network and
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you just put one or few proxy servers as
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an entry point and you configure all the
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security measures on that handful of
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proxies so what the reverse proxies will
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do is they will scan the request they
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will ensure SSL encryption is enabled so
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the traffic is encrypted and will check
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basically for any security threats or
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any attempts of hecking into your
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systems it also provides caching to
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speed up responses to the clients and
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has a logging functional for doing
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troubleshooting for example so a lot of
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the features forward proxy has reverse
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proxy has as well and one of the most
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popular reverse proxies is engine X
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which you may already know as an
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engineer if not I actually have a
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separate video on enginex that you can
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watch here so as you see load balancing
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is just one of the many functionalities
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of a reverse proxy so it's a feature
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that proxy can perform now many of you
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may ask here but what about the cloud
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load balancers why do we need reverse
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proxy if we have cloudload balancers are
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they a replacement for reverse proxies
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like ads and other Cloud platforms they
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all have load balancers so why do I need
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an engine X reverse proxy to load
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balance the incoming traffic if I can
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just use AWS load balancer well in
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practice you actually want to use both
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and here is why for example you would
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have your Cloud load balancer outside of
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your servers as an entry point into your
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private Network while reverse proxy will
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be routing traffic within your server
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Network so now you are encapsulating the
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reverse proxy and those backend servers
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all into a private Network and the load
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balancer basically just sits there and
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does a basic load balancing to the
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reverse proxy and this type of layered
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approach actually makes your
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infrastructure much more secure and also
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much more scalable you may be asking why
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do I need to load balance twice on
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multiple levels so why do I need proxy
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inside if I have the load balancing
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outside reverse proxy actually has more
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intelligent fine grained load balancing
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which will allow you to do much more
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intelligent routing to the web servers
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so while Cloud load balcers distribute
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traffic based on simple algorithms like
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whoever is the least busy on on reverse
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proxy you can configure more advanced
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routing logic based on headers cookies
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or session data for example you can
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decide all the requests from the same
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user they always go to the same web
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server so it will basically check the
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associated session data or cookies and
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it will forward the same client requests
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to the same server reverse proxy can
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also handle SSL and TLS termination and
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you can inspect the encrypted traffic to
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make more informed load balancing
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decisions and this is especially
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important in microservices architecture
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where you may have plenty of
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microservices and based on the request
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path for example or the URL you may want
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to forward that request to a specific
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micro service so it's a very logical
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load balancing that reverse proxy is
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doing here and in our restaurant
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scenario this would be equivalent to if
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our receptionist for example knew some
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loyal guests and showed them to their
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favorite table to have dinner or they
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selected a table with the best view for
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guests who are celebrating a special
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occasion or giving a different menu for
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vegetarian guests and so on so basically
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more customized request handlink based
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on a little bit more information about
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the guests and the setup that I
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described is actually exactly the one
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that we would use in a kubernetes
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cluster with microservices where an
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Ingress controller which is a basically
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reverse proxy for kubernetes will handle
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internal routing and security while the
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cloudload balancer will act as the first
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line of defense managing the external
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traffic and kind of shielding them
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before they get to the cluster and
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finally another question you may be
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asking here especially if you are a
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software engineer is what about the
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servers or proxies that start
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automatically when I run my node.js or
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Java application
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what are those are those reverse proxies
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as well how do they run or how do they
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start in the background well these are
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lightweight proxies for example node.js
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it doesn't have a built-in reverse proxy
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but you can easily create one using its
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HTTP module or a framework like
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expressjs which is actually a framework
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that most people use with noj so
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compared to engine X for example which
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is used in production prj serves
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different purpose however these two can
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actually be used in combination so for
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comparison engine X is a high
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performance web server and reverse proxy
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so it's a technology that can be used
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for web server as well as reverse proxy
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and it's ideal for serving static
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content has load balancing functionality
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it handles security features like SSL
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termination and so on while expressjs is
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a minimalist web framework for noj
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specifically used to build Dynamic web
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applications and apis and you can
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actually configure some custom logic and
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middleware for how the request should be
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handled for different endpoints plus
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engine X also has an advantage that it
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can handle a large number of concurrent
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connections very efficiently while
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expressjs is less performant in that
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area so in proper production setup
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engine X is often deployed in front of
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an exper
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application is a reverse proxy so in
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this setup engine X will handle static
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files load balance requests and manage
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the security while expressjs will
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process the more Dynamic content so
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that's basically the breakdown of proxy
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versus reverse proxy as well as load
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balancer which is pretty simple if you
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understand them at this basic level so I
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hope I was able to help you understand
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what these concepts are clearly and more
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importantly how they compare to each
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other which I think is probably the most
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challenging part of understanding
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proxies and load balancing and so on now
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thank you for watching and see you in
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the next video
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