San Jacinto Symposium 2014 part one

01:50:42
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MrBeixvGAhA

Summary

TLDRThe video presents highlights from the San Jacinto Symposium, an event dedicated to discussing the history of the Battle of San Jacinto and its broader implications on the history of Texas. Keynote speakers, including historians like Raul Ramos and Francis Galan, discuss forgotten narratives, especially the roles of Hispanic Texans, known as Tejanos, in the Texas Revolution. The symposium strives to uncover historical inaccuracies, debunk myths, and bring to light the complex cultural interactions that shaped early Texas history, such as those between Anglo-Americans and Tejanos. The event places significant emphasis on the educational responsibility to present accurate and inclusive histories, fostering a deeper public understanding of Texas's multifaceted past. This 14th iteration of the symposium serves as both a celebration and a critical examination of Texas history through diverse lenses and scholarly debates.

Takeaways

  • 🎤 The San Jacinto Symposium is a gathering to discuss Texas's historical legacy and battles like San Jacinto.
  • 📚 The event emphasizes correction of historical inaccuracies and promotes diverse perspectives.
  • 🏛️ Historians like Jeff Dunn and Raul Ramos provide insights into Texas's past.
  • 🌎 Discussions highlight the roles of Tejanos and Anglo-Americans during the Texas Revolution.
  • 🗣️ The symposium fosters public awareness and understanding of complex historical narratives.
  • 🕵️‍♀️ It sheds light on lesser-known facets of Texas history, including myths and truths.
  • 🏅 Celebrating 14 years, the symposium remains pivotal in historical discourse.
  • 🤝 The event unites scholars and the public in exploring multicultural histories.
  • 📜 A strong focus is placed on education and responsible storytelling in history.
  • 🔍 Critical examination of Texas's multifaceted past is a key theme at the symposium.

Timeline

  • 00:00:00 - 00:05:00

    A conference is being held where the speaker describes the San Jacinto Conservancy's efforts in preserving the historic battleground, including purchasing land and conducting archaeological research. The San Jacinto Symposium is also highlighted, with educational programs aimed at enriching Texas history knowledge.

  • 00:05:00 - 00:10:00

    A proclamation is presented acknowledging the Battle of San Jacinto Symposium and its significance. The event is recognized for its aim to preserve the battleground and educate the public about Texas history, especially highlighting the roles of Native soldiers in the Texas Revolution.

  • 00:10:00 - 00:15:00

    The speaker reflects on personal experiences and emotions tied to the history of the Tejanos, expressing the importance of learning from history and addressing prejudices. The symposium aims to provide insights into historical events and foster understanding among participants.

  • 00:15:00 - 00:20:00

    Jeff Dunn is introduced to discuss the historical context of the Battle of San Jacinto, highlighting its geographic and strategic importance during the Texas Revolution. The battle's significant outcome was the capture of Santa Anna, making it a pivotal event.

  • 00:20:00 - 00:25:00

    Dunn explains the geographical context of Texas during 1835-1836, emphasizing its strategic location. He describes the Battle of San Jacinto, focusing on the decisive victory for Texas and the capture of Mexican President Santa Anna, which secured Texas independence.

  • 00:25:00 - 00:30:00

    The tactical aspects of the Battle of San Jacinto are detailed, with a focus on geography and troop movements. The Texans' unexpected victory in a short battle led to a significant morale boost for the Texan cause and was pivotal in Mexican leader Santa Anna's capture.

  • 00:30:00 - 00:35:00

    Further details on the battle include the Texans' tactics and eventual victory, capturing Santa Anna. The consequences were far-reaching, affecting political careers and Texas' future. Myth and truth often mix in historical accounts of the event.

  • 00:35:00 - 00:40:00

    The importance of revisiting historical sources is emphasized to gain new insights. The symposium's theme focuses on the roles of ethnic groups in Texas during the revolution, particularly highlighting the complex allegiances of Tejanos and their contributions.

  • 00:40:00 - 00:45:00

    Dr. Jim Crisp, the moderator, introduces the ongoing struggle to appropriately include Hispanic contributions to Texas history in education. He highlights the lack of representation in educational narratives and the continuous effort to address this.

  • 00:45:00 - 00:50:00

    Dr. Raul Ramos begins his talk by contrasting the different regional reactions to the Battle of San Jacinto, exemplifying how historical memory varies. He argues for more contextualized understandings of events like the Battle of the Alamo.

  • 00:50:00 - 00:55:00

    Ramos discusses how the perception of the Alamo has evolved, often separated from its historical context. He emphasizes the importance of recontextualizing historical symbols to incorporate diverse perspectives, including Tejano experiences.

  • 00:55:00 - 01:00:00

    Ramos challenges traditional terminology, using 'secession' for the Texas Revolution. This lens invites reconsideration of common historical narratives, particularly how they portray ethnic groups' roles and motivations during the conflict.

  • 01:00:00 - 01:05:00

    The importance of rewriting educational standards about the Texas Revolution is highlighted, with Ramos critiquing narratives that don't question assumed freedoms. He advocates for viewing history as a series of questions rather than settled facts.

  • 01:05:00 - 01:10:00

    Ramos emphasizes various interpretations of the Texas Revolution's impact on different ethnic groups in Texas. He argues that Tejanos faced uncertainty and shifting allegiances, influenced by factors like language, cultural ties, and economic interests.

  • 01:10:00 - 01:15:00

    The talk highlights how Tejanos navigated complex social and political landscapes during the revolution, balancing allegiances. Their varied experiences reflect broader themes of contested identity and belonging in a transforming Texas.

  • 01:15:00 - 01:20:00

    Ramos discusses the long-term consequences of the revolution for Tejanos, focusing on economic and political disenfranchisement. He calls for acknowledging these impacts in contemporary historical narratives as part of understanding Texas history.

  • 01:20:00 - 01:25:00

    Dr. Francis Galan discusses the often-overlooked contributions and experiences of East Texas Tejanos, highlighting their complex alliances and survival strategies during the Texas Revolution.

  • 01:25:00 - 01:30:00

    Galan recounts historical events involving Tejanos in East Texas, portraying an intricate network of commerce and kinship that often transcended revolutionary conflicts. They managed their alliances with both Anglo settlers and Mexican authorities.

  • 01:30:00 - 01:35:00

    Galan highlights the diverse backgrounds of Nacogdoches residents, many of whom were Tejanos with deep roots in the region. By focusing on personal stories and local narratives, Galan emphasizes the nuanced realities of frontier life.

  • 01:35:00 - 01:40:00

    Discussing the challenges faced by East Texas Tejanos, Galan explains their strategic neutrality and adaptability in the face of simmering tensions before the Texas Revolution, revealing their pragmatic approach to survival.

  • 01:40:00 - 01:45:00

    Galan provides a detailed examination of social dynamics in Nacogdoches, illustrating the Tejanos' integration into a multicultural community. Their strategic decisions during conflicts are underscored as pivotal for community survival.

  • 01:45:00 - 01:50:42

    The symposium highlights the variability in historical narratives concerning the Texas Revolution, focusing on the need for inclusive history that reflects the complex identities and experiences of all groups involved in this pivotal period.

Show more

Mind Map

Video Q&A

  • What is the San Jacinto Symposium about?

    It's a historical event focusing on the Battle of San Jacinto and its significance in Texas history, highlighting various cultural perspectives.

  • Who was involved in organizing the San Jacinto Symposium?

    The San Jacinto Conservancy and various historians, including Jeff Dunn and Jan Hart.

  • What was discussed about the Texas Revolution in the symposium?

    Speakers discussed the diverse cultural involvement and effects, including contributions from Tejanos and the implications of Texan independence.

  • How did the symposium address historical inaccuracies?

    The symposium aimed to shed light on myths and errors while promoting accurate storytelling, emphasizing multiple cultural narratives.

  • Who are Tejanos and what role did they play in the Texas Revolution?

    Tejanos are Texans of Hispanic descent who played complex roles during the Texas Revolution, often caught between conflicting loyalties.

  • What themes were covered by Dr. Raul Ramos?

    Dr. Ramos discussed the Tejanos of Bexar County, their struggles, and perspectives during the Texas Revolution.

  • What insights did Dr. Francis Galan provide?

    Dr. Galan provided insights into the lesser-known history and involvement of East Texas Tejanos in the Texas Revolution.

  • How does the symposium contribute to public historical awareness?

    It educates the public about rich, complex histories, emphasizes diverse cultural perspectives, and questions historical narratives.

  • What was the consensus on Tellano involvement in the Texas Revolution?

    The involvement was complex, with many Tejanos having diverse motivations and facing uncertainty during the conflict.

  • What was unique about the history of East Texas discussed at the symposium?

    East Texas had a unique blend of cultures, including Anglo-Americans and Tejanos, with complex interactions during the revolution.

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  • 00:00:00
    e
  • 00:00:36
    it is such a pleasure to see all of you
  • 00:00:39
    this morning uh we are so honored that
  • 00:00:42
    you would be here and for the sake of
  • 00:00:44
    time um I'm I'm just trying to I know
  • 00:00:47
    there are a lot of people who are still
  • 00:00:49
    coming in um and I think there's some
  • 00:00:52
    still at the registration desk but um in
  • 00:00:57
    fact I don't see where all of the San
  • 00:01:00
    ground Conservancy board is yet here but
  • 00:01:02
    let me tell you just a little bit about
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    us um my colleague Jeff Dunn is here and
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    Jeff raise your hand um Jeff Dunn called
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    me in the summer of 2002 we had worked
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    on the San jento historical Advisory
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    Board together which is both of us had
  • 00:01:23
    been appointed by Governor George W bush
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    our job was to advise Texas parks and
  • 00:01:29
    Wild life on the historical
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    interpretation of the San jento
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    Battleground there was a need the two of
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    us felt like there was a need for an
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    organization a
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    501c3 who was dedicated to the
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    preservation of that Battlefield it is a
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    National Historic Landmark it is one of
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    the great battles of the world and there
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    was not an organization dedicated to the
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    preservation
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    conservation Reclamation of that
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    Battlefield so one of the first things
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    we did we started buying land uh which
  • 00:02:08
    we we own uh roughly 30 Acres if you
  • 00:02:12
    have ever looked at purchasing land on
  • 00:02:14
    the well what is now the Houston Ship
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    Channel it is extraordinarily expensive
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    the second thing we we really D dove
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    into was doing uh archaeology at the
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    site people had believed that it was a
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    sterile Battleground and I know Greg
  • 00:02:30
    Demi is here and Greg where are you um
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    Greg is is right over here uh Greg
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    shared um a committee and through uh the
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    first grant we got um Anne Hamilton and
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    I know an is here um an Hamilton ended
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    up um letting us see outside the
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    perimeters of what is Park land if
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    indeed there were
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    artifacts um we ended up with eventually
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    an American Battlefield Protection
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    Program Grant which allowed us to uh
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    find um what is the surrender site we
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    took over 800 battle related artifacts
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    so that is not a steril
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    battlefield and it's something that we
  • 00:03:19
    are learning about every day but that is
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    um I'll have to say one of the the
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    things that we really put our heart and
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    soul into is also the jento Symposium
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    this is the 14th Symposium that we have
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    done and we also do educational
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    educational programs but I I did want to
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    tell you a little bit about what we do I
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    hope you will enjoy the day and we have
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    some very special guests and I want to
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    introduce one right now um I've had the
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    pleasure of uh working with Sylvia
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    Garcia when she was the commissioner for
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    Precinct 2 and syia is loves Texas
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    history she is someone who is also
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    devoted to San jento and um she has been
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    at our Sy symposia before and I would
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    love for her if she has a a moment uh to
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    say a few words to you she is now a
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    state
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    senator thank you Jan and if you will
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    just stay right here cuz I'm going to
  • 00:04:31
    present a proclamation further away well
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    I thought I was doing pretty
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    good um because I can hear myself so I
  • 00:04:39
    know y'all can hear me back there but uh
  • 00:04:41
    it's a pleasure for me to welcome you
  • 00:04:43
    this morning to my district uh it's
  • 00:04:45
    really great for me this morning that I
  • 00:04:47
    was just like 10 minutes away and all I
  • 00:04:50
    had to do is just sort of get up throw
  • 00:04:52
    on the jeans and I'm here uh but for me
  • 00:04:55
    it's it's just uh another one of those
  • 00:04:57
    opportunities to really sink my teeth in
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    to more history I think the more that we
  • 00:05:02
    know about where we came from uh the
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    better we'll do in get it going into the
  • 00:05:06
    future uh so I'm here in behalf of the
  • 00:05:09
    Senate uh to present a resolution which
  • 00:05:12
    was passed by the Senate and it reads in
  • 00:05:15
    part whereas the state of Texas is
  • 00:05:17
    pleased to recognize the Battle of s s
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    Symposium which is taking place April
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    12th 2014 and whereas the Sano
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    Battleground conserv Conservatory is
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    sponsoring the Battle of San jendo
  • 00:05:32
    Symposium as part of its mission to
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    preserve reclaim and restore the San
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    jendo Battleground and build greater
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    public awareness of the battle of sanino
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    and whereas a symposium will look at the
  • 00:05:44
    Texas Revolution Through The Eyes of
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    Native Native born tanos who fought for
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    independence six notable historians will
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    share Regional accounts of the theano
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    Revolutionary experience from the siege
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    of bear and the battle of sanino
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    and the Texas Revolution was a
  • 00:06:01
    remarkable milestone in our state's
  • 00:06:03
    history yet the story cannot truly be
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    told without sharing the integral
  • 00:06:08
    experiences of the many Native soldiers
  • 00:06:10
    who joined the fight for independence
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    now therefore be it proclaimed that the
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    Senate of the State of Texas hereby
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    recognize the Battle of San hinto
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    Symposium as a treasured event and
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    commend all who work to preserve our
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    states rich in complex history and be
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    further resolved that a copy of this
  • 00:06:30
    Proclamation be prepared is an
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    expression of a esteem from the Texas
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    Senate and it's signed by our Senate
  • 00:06:36
    secretary paty Spa so congratulations
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    Jen and everybody involved and thank you
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    Ripley house for hosting this great
  • 00:06:43
    event right here in our neighborhood and
  • 00:06:46
    let's move on thank
  • 00:06:47
    [Applause]
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    Youk she is terrific and her door is
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    always open to her constituents and
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    anyone interested in Texas history um
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    it's this is a very personal Symposium
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    uh for me because I actually started
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    school in Caracus Venezuela and I was
  • 00:07:11
    telling Frank last night I never could
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    understand the
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    reason um why my mother would not let me
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    play with the maid's children and my
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    mother had never been out of of Central
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    Texas until uh she got on that plane um
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    going to to Caracus so um this is this
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    is something that has been a very
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    emotional thing for me when I I read
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    about the old stories of uh the tahos in
  • 00:07:41
    their struggles and I realize that we um
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    are sometimes victims of prejudices that
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    are passed down from generation to
  • 00:07:49
    generation so I'm hoping today we will
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    be able to uh peel away
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    um some some truth like uh history uh
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    some we will learn something from this
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    and the reason I'm stumbling is I see I
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    want to thank uh publicly uh Felix
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    froga uh for all of his help in putting
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    this Symposium together and he has he
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    just sat down and he is accompanied by
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    Robert gagos who is a city councilman
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    new city councilman for um the city of
  • 00:08:25
    Houston ni I see Dr tarus has just come
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    in thank you for being here so what a
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    distinguished audience we have
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    distinguished because you are here too
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    to learn like I
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    am about our past now having said this
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    we call this the Battle of San jento
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    Symposium uh my colleague Jeff Dunn um
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    is an attorney in Dallas he's an
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    avocational historian everyone I mean
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    from the Jim Chris and the Frank de laas
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    of the world defer to Jeff when it comes
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    to the Battle of San jento so without
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    any further Ado Jeff would you tell us
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    about that
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    battle see if this
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    works
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    um thank you Jan and howdy and welcome
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    uh to our 14th San jenta Symposium we
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    made even have a discussion today on how
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    to pronounce the name of the battle uh
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    seems to be debate over that uh the when
  • 00:09:38
    you talk about this battle and these
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    events of 1835 and
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    1836 you have to initially think about
  • 00:09:45
    the geography and the context of where
  • 00:09:48
    Texas was during that time period And as
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    you see on this map uh Texas was uh at
  • 00:09:55
    that time uh in the far Northern reaches
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    of what was in Mexico and right on right
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    on the adjacent western border of the
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    United States uh right on the Gulf of
  • 00:10:05
    Mexico so it was in a very strategic
  • 00:10:08
    location and and and because of that uh
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    and because of the fertile soil it was
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    very attractive uh to many immigrants
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    from the United States and very coveted
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    by the nation of
  • 00:10:22
    Mexico now this map shows it's a modern
  • 00:10:25
    map of Texas and it shows the location
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    of where the the battle uh was in East
  • 00:10:31
    Harris County and here just a few basic
  • 00:10:33
    facts about the Battle it was the final
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    military Encounter of the Texas
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    Revolution in 1835
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    1836 took place over a two-day period
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    April 20th and 21st near where Buffalo
  • 00:10:46
    bio empties into the San jenta River in
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    presentent East day Harris
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    County on April 21st the Texan army
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    under the command command of General Sam
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    Houston
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    uh numbering about 900 men attacked and
  • 00:11:02
    defeated an advanced division of the
  • 00:11:04
    Mexican Army under the command of
  • 00:11:07
    General Antonio Lopez to Santa Ana
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    numbering about, 1300 men is this noise
  • 00:11:13
    am I am I getting a little Echo
  • 00:11:17
    here
  • 00:11:19
    okay uh what made the battle significant
  • 00:11:22
    though was not so much the defeat of
  • 00:11:24
    Santa Anna's Advanced effis but the fact
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    that he was actually captured the next
  • 00:11:28
    day this was a particularly alarming
  • 00:11:31
    event to the government of Mexico since
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    he was actually had the title of
  • 00:11:35
    President and was also a fairly
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    spectacular result uh as commented upon
  • 00:11:41
    by many of the newspapers in the United
  • 00:11:43
    States that this ragtag Army could
  • 00:11:45
    somehow uh after all these defeats at
  • 00:11:48
    the Alamo and golad somehow manage a
  • 00:11:50
    victory like this and manage to capture
  • 00:11:53
    the president of Mexico at the same
  • 00:11:55
    time because of the consequences of the
  • 00:11:58
    battle it's it's widely regarded as a as
  • 00:12:01
    the pivotal decisive event of the Texas
  • 00:12:03
    Revolution that secured Independence
  • 00:12:05
    Texas independence from Mexico and it
  • 00:12:07
    was also a ticket to uh various
  • 00:12:10
    political careers all three presidents
  • 00:12:13
    of the Republic of Texas uh Sam Houston
  • 00:12:15
    marabel Lamar and Anson Jones were
  • 00:12:17
    Veterans of the battle uh and 15 Texas
  • 00:12:20
    counties were named after Veterans as
  • 00:12:23
    well of the battle one of the great
  • 00:12:26
    events of the Texas Revolution of course
  • 00:12:27
    is the the sieg of fall the Alamo which
  • 00:12:30
    was in March of 1836 which occurred
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    right about the time just right after
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    Texas was declared independence at
  • 00:12:36
    Washington on the brazas this map
  • 00:12:38
    illustrates uh the strategy that Santa
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    Ana had in moving across Texas he
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    divided his army into three groups uh
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    urea along the coast uh a center A
  • 00:12:48
    Center Route which was commanded by
  • 00:12:51
    Ramirez eessma and later santaan himself
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    and then gona who was supposed to go to
  • 00:12:55
    nacadas but only made it to Bastrop and
  • 00:12:58
    then back down to s Philippi and
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    meanwhile the only uh obstacle in the
  • 00:13:03
    way of the advancing Mexican Army was uh
  • 00:13:05
    the uh ragtag Army of Sam Houston which
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    was put together at Gonzalez and you see
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    that Illustrated in the blue line so s
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    Sam Houston was retreating Eastward also
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    uh trying to advance farther away from
  • 00:13:18
    uh from Santa Ana's
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    troops Santa Ana finally enters uh
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    Harris County actually ahead of
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    Houston's Army on April 15th uh aims for
  • 00:13:28
    Harrisburg which is with ston throw from
  • 00:13:31
    where we are today and that was where
  • 00:13:33
    the Texan Capital had fled from
  • 00:13:34
    Washington on the brazes uh the the
  • 00:13:37
    Texan government uh managed to leave by
  • 00:13:39
    boat and horse you see the Blue Line uh
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    they managed to escape the oncoming
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    Mexican Army by going down to Galviston
  • 00:13:46
    uh meanwhile Santa Ana moves over to New
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    Washington which is today Morgan's
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    Point while San An is at Morgan's Point
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    Sam Houston's Army enters Harris County
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    from the northwest arrives opposite
  • 00:14:00
    Harrisburg which incidentally had been
  • 00:14:02
    burned by Santa Ana the previous day uh
  • 00:14:05
    from a captured Courier finds out that
  • 00:14:07
    where Santa Ana is located realizes that
  • 00:14:10
    he has split himself off from the rest
  • 00:14:12
    of his army and learns that Santa Ana is
  • 00:14:15
    going to cross the San jenta River uh
  • 00:14:17
    near a place called lynches so on April
  • 00:14:21
    19th Houston crosses Buffalo bio marches
  • 00:14:24
    to lynches in an attempt to intercept
  • 00:14:26
    Santa Ana's further advance and he
  • 00:14:29
    succeeds in doing so he gets to the
  • 00:14:32
    place where the battlefield is today
  • 00:14:34
    Santa Anna on April 20th Burns New
  • 00:14:37
    Washington and starts heading to the
  • 00:14:39
    same place in an attempt to uh reach
  • 00:14:41
    that Crossing as
  • 00:14:44
    well this this is a map from yokum's
  • 00:14:46
    history of Texas which was published in
  • 00:14:48
    1856 it is without question the best map
  • 00:14:51
    we have of the battle and the
  • 00:14:53
    battlefield and it illustrates not only
  • 00:14:55
    the movements of the armies but also the
  • 00:14:58
    topography of the area you see a lot of
  • 00:15:00
    marsh land uh trees and open Prairie all
  • 00:15:05
    of these features were very significant
  • 00:15:07
    in determining how this battle
  • 00:15:10
    unfolded the Texan army actually reached
  • 00:15:13
    Lynch's Ferry you see that on the bottom
  • 00:15:15
    part of that map and then backtrack to
  • 00:15:18
    the blue line that you see along Buffalo
  • 00:15:20
    bio protected by trees and as Santa Ana
  • 00:15:24
    approached from New Washington you can
  • 00:15:26
    see that the line of the Texan army was
  • 00:15:28
    BL blocking the route uh that Santa Ana
  • 00:15:31
    would have to take to Lynch's
  • 00:15:33
    Ferry Santa Ana realizes this deploys
  • 00:15:36
    his men and on the early part of April
  • 00:15:38
    20th we see the first interaction
  • 00:15:41
    between the two armies just an artillery
  • 00:15:43
    Duel not much of anything else no one
  • 00:15:45
    was hurt although the Texan commander of
  • 00:15:47
    the of the two Canon the twin sisters
  • 00:15:50
    was was wounded during that
  • 00:15:52
    exchange Santa Ana
  • 00:15:55
    Retreats uh moves back Beyond uh uh over
  • 00:15:59
    Hill so the armies are barely seeing
  • 00:16:01
    each other uh but later that evening
  • 00:16:04
    there was a Cavalry
  • 00:16:06
    Skirmish uh the Skirmish was led on the
  • 00:16:09
    Texans Side by cydney Sherman uh and uh
  • 00:16:13
    there's a lot of debate and controversy
  • 00:16:15
    over uh why that occurred and the
  • 00:16:17
    results of that uh but the uh but the
  • 00:16:20
    consequence was that neither side scored
  • 00:16:23
    a significant Victory and they both went
  • 00:16:25
    back to their respective camps
  • 00:16:29
    they uh spent the night about a mile
  • 00:16:31
    from each other on what is now the San
  • 00:16:33
    jenta
  • 00:16:34
    Battlefield and the next day uh the
  • 00:16:37
    Texans lined up and eventually late in
  • 00:16:40
    the afternoon Al there was a lot of
  • 00:16:41
    discussion during the day about what
  • 00:16:43
    what they should do uh they decided to
  • 00:16:45
    attack the Mexican Camp uh at 4M this
  • 00:16:48
    was largely because they were expecting
  • 00:16:50
    Santa Ana to attack their camp but he
  • 00:16:52
    didn't do so San Ana was going to wait
  • 00:16:54
    till the next day so this map shows the
  • 00:16:58
    clashes of the Army and you often hear
  • 00:17:00
    about the 18-minute Battle that's what
  • 00:17:02
    occurred during this period of time that
  • 00:17:04
    was the amount of time that uh was lapse
  • 00:17:07
    between the initiation of the Texan
  • 00:17:09
    attack and the breaking up of the
  • 00:17:10
    Mexican lines uh this is a remarkable
  • 00:17:13
    map it shows the uh the armies in in
  • 00:17:17
    great detail how they uh met each other
  • 00:17:21
    this is the famous painting by Henry
  • 00:17:22
    McArdle that illustrates the Battle of
  • 00:17:24
    course there there were no there was no
  • 00:17:26
    internet back then be believe it or not
  • 00:17:28
    or TV or radio or or you know only thing
  • 00:17:31
    they had were newspapers so a lot of
  • 00:17:34
    these uh paintings came of course in
  • 00:17:36
    many years
  • 00:17:37
    later the uh Mexican Army scattered uh
  • 00:17:41
    the Texans continued to pursue for
  • 00:17:43
    several hours this was the uh period of
  • 00:17:46
    time that's considered the the greatest
  • 00:17:49
    Slaughter uh there was a lot of pent up
  • 00:17:51
    uh anger and frustration among the
  • 00:17:54
    Texans um and most of the Mexican dead
  • 00:17:57
    occurred during this period uh the LA
  • 00:17:59
    latter couple of hours before sunset uh
  • 00:18:02
    some of the activity actually continued
  • 00:18:04
    with calary skirmishes and chases
  • 00:18:07
    outside of the battlefield all the way
  • 00:18:08
    up to Pasadena and the the uh star there
  • 00:18:13
    on the left side of the screen is uh
  • 00:18:15
    near Vincent bio which is where Santa
  • 00:18:17
    Ana was captured the next
  • 00:18:20
    day uh two interesting significant
  • 00:18:23
    aspects of the battle Sam Houston was
  • 00:18:24
    wounded his horse was killed of course
  • 00:18:26
    he recovered um here he is wounded in
  • 00:18:29
    and meeting Santa Ana the next day and
  • 00:18:33
    this famous painting by huddle uh
  • 00:18:35
    illustrates it as well there Santa Anna
  • 00:18:38
    with Sam Houston on the
  • 00:18:40
    ground um the uh there were about eight
  • 00:18:42
    Texans killed they were buried in a
  • 00:18:44
    trench near the Texan camp this Monument
  • 00:18:47
    on the right the briam monument marks
  • 00:18:49
    that site uh which is the first Monument
  • 00:18:51
    built on the battlefield and plac there
  • 00:18:53
    in
  • 00:18:55
    1882 and until the big Monument was
  • 00:18:57
    built that was known as the senta
  • 00:18:59
    monument up until the
  • 00:19:03
    1930s
  • 00:19:06
    so when we think about this battle it is
  • 00:19:08
    it is a compelling story and it is a
  • 00:19:11
    story that has been told many times um
  • 00:19:15
    and it's often told uh with a mixture of
  • 00:19:18
    Truth error and myth uh but this is not
  • 00:19:21
    really peculiar to the Texas Revolution
  • 00:19:24
    or or the Battle of San jeno Winston
  • 00:19:26
    Churchill once said uh his history will
  • 00:19:29
    be kind to me because I intend to write
  • 00:19:31
    it and and that's essentially what the
  • 00:19:33
    Texans did they wrote it in the context
  • 00:19:35
    of how they wanted to present this uh
  • 00:19:38
    this pivotal event in the history of uh
  • 00:19:41
    of the place that we today call Texas so
  • 00:19:43
    the challenge to
  • 00:19:45
    historians is to try to get to the truth
  • 00:19:48
    of the matter uh knowing that the truth
  • 00:19:51
    is really never really attainable um all
  • 00:19:54
    you can really do is try to revisit the
  • 00:19:57
    historical resources from time the time
  • 00:19:59
    to uh locate new resources to shed new
  • 00:20:03
    light on the situation as well as to
  • 00:20:05
    interpret older resources and provide uh
  • 00:20:08
    new uh new insights on what these
  • 00:20:11
    sources uh mean now this year's
  • 00:20:16
    theme
  • 00:20:18
    is a topic that's often spoken
  • 00:20:21
    about uh but rarely examin on the level
  • 00:20:24
    of uh detail that we are likely to get
  • 00:20:27
    today uh of the ethnic groups living in
  • 00:20:29
    Texas in 1835 and
  • 00:20:32
    1836 those Texans of Hispanic descent
  • 00:20:36
    today we refer to them as the
  • 00:20:39
    tanos uh were were very few in number
  • 00:20:41
    some estimates were about one/ tenth of
  • 00:20:43
    the total population of Texas at that
  • 00:20:46
    time but they were unique as a group
  • 00:20:49
    because uh many of them most of them
  • 00:20:52
    maybe all of them were conflicted as to
  • 00:20:55
    uh whether to support or oppose uh this
  • 00:20:58
    uh concept of Texas Independence for
  • 00:21:01
    Mexico certainly had uh very um
  • 00:21:04
    significant
  • 00:21:05
    consequences to them as well so to help
  • 00:21:09
    guide us today uh I'm honored to
  • 00:21:11
    introduce Dr Jim crisp who will be our
  • 00:21:15
    moderator uh Dr Chris was born in
  • 00:21:18
    Henrietta Texas and he graduated from
  • 00:21:21
    rice and received his PhD in history
  • 00:21:23
    from Yale and for many years has taught
  • 00:21:26
    history at North Carolina State
  • 00:21:28
    um he has uh won many awards in this
  • 00:21:32
    field he's been our moderator for 12
  • 00:21:35
    years
  • 00:21:36
    and um he um uh has done done a
  • 00:21:40
    fantastic job in helping us bring all
  • 00:21:43
    our speakers together today so without
  • 00:21:46
    further Ado I'll welcome Dr Chris and
  • 00:21:49
    thank you very much for coming today
  • 00:21:58
    move this out of your
  • 00:22:03
    way can you hear me
  • 00:22:05
    okay as Jeff uh suggested this ain't my
  • 00:22:08
    first rodeo uh this is my 14th annual
  • 00:22:12
    San Joo Symposium I was privileged along
  • 00:22:16
    with uh Greg deck to be a speaker in the
  • 00:22:18
    very first one in
  • 00:22:20
    2001 uh I was a mere Heckler in the
  • 00:22:23
    audience in 2002 and in order to prevent
  • 00:22:26
    me from ever doing that again they made
  • 00:22:27
    me moderator for
  • 00:22:30
    life
  • 00:22:33
    uh in 1968 the spring of 1968 uh
  • 00:22:38
    students of Hispanic descent from three
  • 00:22:40
    high schools in San
  • 00:22:42
    Antonio uh marched into their
  • 00:22:45
    administrator offices and said there's
  • 00:22:47
    something wrong with the history we'
  • 00:22:49
    being we're being taught uh and they
  • 00:22:51
    were exactly right uh none of the people
  • 00:22:55
    uh from whom they had descended were in
  • 00:22:58
    the books or in the
  • 00:23:01
    classroom uh and it's taken a long time
  • 00:23:06
    to try to redress those grievances I
  • 00:23:08
    graduated as Jeff said from rice in
  • 00:23:12
    1968 and I'd lived in Texas for 22 years
  • 00:23:15
    and never heard of
  • 00:23:16
    once I didn't hear of once until I went
  • 00:23:19
    to
  • 00:23:20
    Connecticut that ain't
  • 00:23:22
    right and much of what this panel uh has
  • 00:23:28
    been doing over their scholarly
  • 00:23:30
    career uh careers and and and much of
  • 00:23:33
    what we're doing today is striving once
  • 00:23:37
    more to redress the Grievances the
  • 00:23:39
    genuine grievances the honest and
  • 00:23:41
    accurate grievances of those high school
  • 00:23:44
    students from Bayer County uh th those
  • 00:23:47
    many years ago
  • 00:23:51
    um I'm going to not take much more time
  • 00:23:56
    uh but to uh Begin by introducing one at
  • 00:23:58
    a time our speakers uh for this
  • 00:24:02
    morning uh the first uh of these is R
  • 00:24:06
    Ramos uh a native of San Antonio who
  • 00:24:10
    went off to the ivy league but came back
  • 00:24:12
    to Texas I can relate to that uh Raul
  • 00:24:17
    the nicest thing I can say about
  • 00:24:19
    Raul he just said uhoh I don't think you
  • 00:24:22
    heard that uh no one of the very nicest
  • 00:24:24
    things I can say about rul is that he is
  • 00:24:27
    my editor uh rul co-edited with Monica
  • 00:24:31
    parales uh a really amazing little book
  • 00:24:33
    published here in Houston by the AIT
  • 00:24:35
    publo press um recovering the Hispanic
  • 00:24:39
    history of txas and if you haven't seen
  • 00:24:41
    that book and haven't read the articles
  • 00:24:43
    in that you can buy it over at the
  • 00:24:44
    University of Houston campus um and
  • 00:24:46
    perhaps from Texas bookstores around
  • 00:24:48
    here and it is really a
  • 00:24:51
    revelation uh and I know from uh
  • 00:24:54
    personal experience how important having
  • 00:24:56
    a good editor is they make you look good
  • 00:24:59
    and Raul certainly and Monica certainly
  • 00:25:02
    did that in the case of the little essay
  • 00:25:04
    that I did uh for that uh for that
  • 00:25:07
    volume um rul is associate professor of
  • 00:25:10
    history at
  • 00:25:12
    uh at the University of Houston and R
  • 00:25:15
    are you the director of the
  • 00:25:16
    undergraduate program now too I've heard
  • 00:25:18
    that rumor uh director of undergraduate
  • 00:25:21
    the direct director of undergraduate
  • 00:25:22
    studies that means he has to do a lot of
  • 00:25:24
    the sort of scut work around the
  • 00:25:26
    department uh but it's it's an honor
  • 00:25:29
    nevertheless that and and they certainly
  • 00:25:31
    are trusting him with their students uh
  • 00:25:34
    Raul has written a book that has won
  • 00:25:37
    multiple prizes including the TR
  • 00:25:39
    ferenbach award from the Texas
  • 00:25:41
    historical commission uh called Beyond
  • 00:25:43
    The Alamo uh uh the forging of a of a
  • 00:25:47
    Mexican ethnicity and identity among
  • 00:25:50
    those uh those folks in San Antonio who
  • 00:25:53
    found themselves uh with you know they
  • 00:25:56
    say Six Flags Over Texas they saw five
  • 00:25:58
    of them uh with one flag after another
  • 00:26:01
    and each time having to deal with uh
  • 00:26:04
    with uh new issues and new difficulties
  • 00:26:07
    and uh uh and uh the story is an
  • 00:26:11
    interesting one and an important one for
  • 00:26:12
    Texas uh R today is going to talk to us
  • 00:26:16
    about the tonos of San Antonio in beay
  • 00:26:19
    County uh and there are a few people
  • 00:26:21
    better equipped to do that so please
  • 00:26:23
    welcome Dr Raul Ramos
  • 00:26:46
    good morning how's everyone doing
  • 00:26:49
    today uh first of all I want to thank
  • 00:26:51
    the sanino commission the I want would
  • 00:26:55
    especially like to thank Jim and Frank
  • 00:26:58
    and Jan and David and everyone I'd like
  • 00:27:01
    to say one thing first of all this is
  • 00:27:02
    not my first rodeo with this rodeo in
  • 00:27:06
    particular either um gosh it's
  • 00:27:10
    been almost 10 years ago I pinch hit for
  • 00:27:14
    someone I don't know if you remember the
  • 00:27:16
    third the third Symposium that's right
  • 00:27:20
    um first of all I I have to tell you
  • 00:27:23
    guys that um the program that Jim has
  • 00:27:25
    put together every year year after year
  • 00:27:27
    is impressive
  • 00:27:28
    if you've ever tried to put together a
  • 00:27:31
    group of academics uh to speak on a
  • 00:27:33
    subject you'll know how difficult it is
  • 00:27:36
    and he's done a masterful job every time
  • 00:27:38
    but every once in a while there's a
  • 00:27:39
    hitch in this case they were bringing a
  • 00:27:41
    historian from Mexico City or from
  • 00:27:44
    Mexico uh and he had to cancel last
  • 00:27:46
    minute so they said
  • 00:27:48
    Raul can you give us the Mexican side of
  • 00:27:50
    the Texas Revolution I said um okay and
  • 00:27:55
    um and actually I'm going to speak a
  • 00:27:57
    little bit about this question of sides
  • 00:28:00
    uh to the revolution in a second uh but
  • 00:28:02
    what I did uh in this case it was kind
  • 00:28:05
    of fortunate timing because at that
  • 00:28:07
    moment um the UN was voting on whether
  • 00:28:12
    to um approve uh was voting on the Iraq
  • 00:28:16
    War and Mexico happened to be on the
  • 00:28:18
    security Council that year and Mexico
  • 00:28:21
    voted against the United States uh in
  • 00:28:25
    the security Council and there was a
  • 00:28:27
    kind kind of shock that folks had said
  • 00:28:31
    you know how could Mexico do this
  • 00:28:33
    they're our neighbor how you know that I
  • 00:28:35
    thought we were on the same side here
  • 00:28:37
    and
  • 00:28:39
    um but if you were study history study
  • 00:28:42
    Mexican history study American history
  • 00:28:44
    this should not come as any shock at all
  • 00:28:47
    uh it beginning with the fact that the
  • 00:28:50
    United States invaded Mexico and and uh
  • 00:28:53
    and continuing on to the present
  • 00:28:56
    questions of foreign intervention and
  • 00:28:58
    American Mexican relations have uh have
  • 00:29:01
    always been uh fraught and contentious
  • 00:29:04
    and and full of this um history so it's
  • 00:29:07
    it's not an easy path um so in this case
  • 00:29:11
    it was an easy connection for me to make
  • 00:29:15
    um we can make a similar we can make
  • 00:29:18
    similar points about Russia and the
  • 00:29:19
    Ukraine for instance and talk about
  • 00:29:21
    Texas and and Mexico uh and and uh and
  • 00:29:25
    the United States in a similar context
  • 00:29:27
    but let me talk about San Antonio today
  • 00:29:29
    um I'm gonna I'm going to pretend I have
  • 00:29:32
    a clicker
  • 00:29:33
    here okay but I want to begin uh by
  • 00:29:36
    talking about first of all the memory of
  • 00:29:39
    the memory of San jinto and there's G to
  • 00:29:42
    be a few more talks on on historical
  • 00:29:44
    memory in the afternoon but I'm going to
  • 00:29:45
    begin with historical memory because in
  • 00:29:47
    many ways that's our job to talk about
  • 00:29:50
    this memory to talk about what we're
  • 00:29:51
    doing and um the you have to pardon me I
  • 00:29:57
    I walk around I I like to walk around
  • 00:29:58
    when I speak and and I feel like I'm I'm
  • 00:30:02
    about to jump out of my shoes here um
  • 00:30:05
    the
  • 00:30:07
    um I wanted to begin by comparing by
  • 00:30:10
    comparing um the let me just tilt this
  • 00:30:13
    up a little bit uh by comparing um San
  • 00:30:16
    Antonio comparing reactions to the
  • 00:30:20
    actual San jinto oh um I I didn't plug
  • 00:30:24
    it into my it's running through my
  • 00:30:25
    computer so didn't thank you um
  • 00:30:29
    and in particular I wanted to um compare
  • 00:30:33
    reactions to the the way the um the
  • 00:30:37
    actual Battle of Sano was memorialized
  • 00:30:40
    in the two places and in this case in
  • 00:30:42
    1886 um I I I I saw an account in the
  • 00:30:47
    Dallas Morning News about um a
  • 00:30:49
    celebration the celebration of the
  • 00:30:51
    battle of Sano that was epic um there
  • 00:30:54
    were thousands of people there was a
  • 00:30:56
    huge parade there was a picnic there
  • 00:30:58
    were speeches and songs and poems and
  • 00:31:01
    they wheeled out veterans and it was an
  • 00:31:04
    amazing amazing celebration meanwhile I
  • 00:31:07
    don't know if you can read it from where
  • 00:31:08
    you're sitting in the San Anton the same
  • 00:31:10
    Dallas Morning News mentioned that in
  • 00:31:12
    San Antonio there was a quiet
  • 00:31:15
    commemoration now this could be for a
  • 00:31:17
    variety of reasons maybe there was a
  • 00:31:19
    bigger celebration around other things
  • 00:31:21
    in San Antonio maybe Dallas wanted to
  • 00:31:23
    put down San Antonio in their own
  • 00:31:24
    newspaper but if you click uh to the
  • 00:31:27
    next slide you'll see that the Dallas
  • 00:31:28
    Morning News
  • 00:31:30
    had many many column inches de devoted
  • 00:31:33
    to this uh to this commemoration of of
  • 00:31:36
    the battles on hinto and and they
  • 00:31:38
    published full speeches and and and you
  • 00:31:40
    could really get a sense for the attempt
  • 00:31:43
    to make that battle make that moment the
  • 00:31:46
    key moment in uh Texas
  • 00:31:50
    history um but what I want to turn to
  • 00:31:53
    then is next is um the Alamo itself and
  • 00:31:57
    some ways in San Antonio the Alamo has
  • 00:32:00
    become a symbol has become a way of
  • 00:32:04
    decoding
  • 00:32:05
    deciphering uh the the past um but in
  • 00:32:09
    many ways uh it one of the challenges I
  • 00:32:12
    think as a historian that I face much of
  • 00:32:15
    the time is how the the Alamo itself has
  • 00:32:18
    been taken out of its context in mult
  • 00:32:21
    multiple ways and in some ways there's
  • 00:32:23
    been attempt to universalize it I have
  • 00:32:26
    here what I call the postcard image of
  • 00:32:28
    the Alamo because it is a postcard and
  • 00:32:32
    um and it's kind of how you imagine the
  • 00:32:33
    Alamo sapphire blue skies no people in
  • 00:32:37
    front of it um I I always ask people
  • 00:32:40
    this question I w't I I I always feel
  • 00:32:43
    compelled to ask it so I'm gonna ask it
  • 00:32:44
    again what was your think back to the
  • 00:32:47
    first time you ever went to the Alamo
  • 00:32:49
    what was can somebody raise your hand
  • 00:32:51
    and tell me what was your first thought
  • 00:32:53
    your first reaction when you saw it back
  • 00:32:56
    there how many of you had that same
  • 00:32:58
    reaction it was so small okay the
  • 00:33:00
    majority of you right why why do we
  • 00:33:04
    always think it's a lot smaller than we
  • 00:33:14
    imagined it's a well that's another
  • 00:33:16
    question too but you're right yes I took
  • 00:33:19
    I took a group of school kids there
  • 00:33:21
    right teacher and theyed to the basement
  • 00:33:24
    well right that because of peew Herman
  • 00:33:27
    in that case
  • 00:33:28
    right that's
  • 00:33:29
    right that's a that's although this
  • 00:33:32
    generation probably already forgot that
  • 00:33:34
    movie but the
  • 00:33:35
    um the the
  • 00:33:38
    um I don't think it's a I don't think
  • 00:33:40
    it's a coincidence uh one more comment
  • 00:33:44
    yes
  • 00:33:49
    uhuh that exactly that's a big part of
  • 00:33:51
    it the The Legend of the Alamo how
  • 00:33:54
    legendary it is in our mind in our
  • 00:33:57
    history in our memory looms so large
  • 00:34:00
    that that's one way that we think that
  • 00:34:02
    that's one way that it has become larger
  • 00:34:04
    in our mind but I would also suggest it
  • 00:34:06
    has to do with the way it's been
  • 00:34:08
    represented what what's missing in this
  • 00:34:10
    photo people are missing you don't have
  • 00:34:12
    a sense of scale how big is it next to a
  • 00:34:14
    person what else is missing the
  • 00:34:15
    buildings around it we don't see how it
  • 00:34:18
    we don't see it in its proper context we
  • 00:34:20
    don't even see it in its real context
  • 00:34:22
    can you click one more
  • 00:34:23
    time here's another context we might see
  • 00:34:25
    the Alamo in uh oops well well we go
  • 00:34:28
    ahead and U click again this is uh a an
  • 00:34:33
    an 1856 watercolor of of the ruins of
  • 00:34:37
    the Alamo and this might be one way you
  • 00:34:39
    would have seen it in the early 19th
  • 00:34:41
    century I mean excuse me in the late um
  • 00:34:44
    the late 19th century when you see it
  • 00:34:46
    this way the Alamo doesn't seem quite as
  • 00:34:49
    iconic as Majestic it seems like ruins
  • 00:34:54
    it looks like Mayan ruins if you will
  • 00:34:56
    with plants growing out of it sort of um
  • 00:34:59
    what it was a Battleground that the that
  • 00:35:03
    the the trauma the violence of the
  • 00:35:06
    battle really comes through in this kind
  • 00:35:08
    of image what if this was the image that
  • 00:35:10
    we remembered of the Alamo instead of
  • 00:35:13
    that iconic postcard image how would we
  • 00:35:15
    think differently of that history how
  • 00:35:17
    might we be able to talk about other
  • 00:35:18
    histories Deano history for instance uh
  • 00:35:21
    if this was the way we remembered the
  • 00:35:23
    Alamo literally um I small footnote here
  • 00:35:28
    I I had asked my publisher to make this
  • 00:35:31
    the cover of my book um and he said well
  • 00:35:34
    we got a problem here R I'm like what's
  • 00:35:36
    that said you're your the title of your
  • 00:35:38
    book is beyond the Almo and I said yes
  • 00:35:40
    and then if but you really only devote
  • 00:35:43
    about out of 300 pages about two pages
  • 00:35:45
    to the actual Battle of the Alamo so so
  • 00:35:49
    uh so if you put an Alamo on the front
  • 00:35:51
    and call it Beyond The Alamo it's going
  • 00:35:54
    to seem a little bit like false
  • 00:35:56
    advertising or bait and switch if you
  • 00:35:58
    will so I let him go by and and U had
  • 00:36:01
    another 19th century painting instead uh
  • 00:36:04
    can you click one more time yes
  • 00:36:12
    question
  • 00:36:23
    right well that's a good point we are
  • 00:36:26
    every generation
  • 00:36:28
    writes writes history in the context of
  • 00:36:30
    it of what it's living now and that's
  • 00:36:32
    what I'm and that's a large theme of
  • 00:36:34
    what I'll be talking about um or that
  • 00:36:36
    and that's exactly the place I'm going
  • 00:36:37
    to end how is this generation going to
  • 00:36:39
    write that write that history so again
  • 00:36:41
    when we start putting the Almo in
  • 00:36:42
    different contexts here we have the
  • 00:36:43
    Google Map uh context we see it when we
  • 00:36:47
    start looking at in different ways
  • 00:36:48
    picking it up and turning it turning it
  • 00:36:50
    visually turning it historically
  • 00:36:52
    temporally culturally thinking about
  • 00:36:54
    things of the question I always ask my
  • 00:36:56
    students is not really who built the
  • 00:36:58
    Alamo I mean who actually put brick on
  • 00:37:00
    top of brick in the Alamo it wasn't the
  • 00:37:03
    priests
  • 00:37:04
    right it was it was uh the indigenous
  • 00:37:08
    people that were being brought into the
  • 00:37:09
    mission right here so here and then and
  • 00:37:11
    what was it being built as it was being
  • 00:37:13
    built as a mission so here you have the
  • 00:37:15
    Alamo this symbol of Texas history te of
  • 00:37:18
    the of the Texas Revolution as ALS as
  • 00:37:21
    built by indigenous people built by
  • 00:37:24
    Indians um to become a Catholic mission
  • 00:37:27
    right so you you have that history is in
  • 00:37:29
    there it's not like we have to look
  • 00:37:31
    anywhere else it's right in front of our
  • 00:37:32
    noses the question is how do we talk
  • 00:37:35
    about that and what do we make of it
  • 00:37:37
    next now um another way of of doing
  • 00:37:41
    this turning around recontextualizing
  • 00:37:45
    thinking about it in different ways is
  • 00:37:47
    by thinking about the names we give to
  • 00:37:50
    these events and to these people one of
  • 00:37:53
    one of the one of the issues um that I I
  • 00:37:56
    don't even make an issue I just start
  • 00:37:58
    talking about the war the the Texas
  • 00:37:59
    Revolution as the war of Texas secession
  • 00:38:02
    now many people would think and that was
  • 00:38:04
    a conscious choice if I use the word
  • 00:38:07
    secession anytime and especially if I'm
  • 00:38:09
    talking to an American audience and I
  • 00:38:10
    use the word secession certain things
  • 00:38:12
    are going to click automatically right
  • 00:38:15
    number one the Civil War um
  • 00:38:19
    slavery
  • 00:38:21
    um brother brother battling brother
  • 00:38:24
    right brother versus brother and in in
  • 00:38:26
    the case of Mexico go this was a civil
  • 00:38:28
    war this was in the middle of a Mexican
  • 00:38:30
    civil war and sometimes we need to be
  • 00:38:32
    reminded of that and there's a way that
  • 00:38:35
    uh that using terms like Texas
  • 00:38:37
    Revolution because of the baggage that
  • 00:38:39
    they carry has become part of that
  • 00:38:40
    universalized constant and every once in
  • 00:38:42
    a while we need to break out of that out
  • 00:38:45
    of that um
  • 00:38:48
    um customary way of thinking next so one
  • 00:38:52
    of the things this has done and you'll
  • 00:38:55
    excuse me I'm have to read this real
  • 00:38:56
    quick
  • 00:39:00
    the importance of this cannot be o
  • 00:39:04
    overestimated u we have Frank here who
  • 00:39:07
    has been um hired with other among with
  • 00:39:11
    a group of historians to write the Texas
  • 00:39:14
    standards uh for for um for grade school
  • 00:39:18
    history and in particular looking at the
  • 00:39:20
    way school kids are being taught Texas
  • 00:39:23
    history and what we've seen year after
  • 00:39:25
    year is that this is still an editing
  • 00:39:28
    process you hear you have right if you
  • 00:39:30
    go to the to the State Board of
  • 00:39:32
    Education text uh standards um you'll
  • 00:39:36
    see that the actual revisions of these
  • 00:39:39
    of that history is written into the code
  • 00:39:41
    itself so you can see the original
  • 00:39:44
    language what was added by one group
  • 00:39:45
    what was taken out by another group what
  • 00:39:47
    was added by the next group and you'll
  • 00:39:49
    see that it's a constant iteration in
  • 00:39:51
    this case the this section that refers
  • 00:39:55
    that initially referred to the Battle of
  • 00:39:56
    Sano but then was shifted to the Texas
  • 00:39:58
    Revolution emphasizes one particular
  • 00:40:03
    point and and what I want you to to
  • 00:40:06
    focus in here is the word Freedom okay
  • 00:40:09
    that it brought civil political and
  • 00:40:10
    religious freedom to Texas because
  • 00:40:13
    that's the question and again here it's
  • 00:40:15
    not put as a question um one of the and
  • 00:40:19
    and that's what makes teaching Texas
  • 00:40:21
    that that's by the way what makes te
  • 00:40:22
    teaching history in general interesting
  • 00:40:25
    and useful and important and a tool for
  • 00:40:28
    thinking about the present and thinking
  • 00:40:30
    about the future is if we can raise it
  • 00:40:32
    as a question rather than as a given we
  • 00:40:35
    have we feel more empowered in changing
  • 00:40:37
    the future as well
  • 00:40:39
    next so when we when we think of of um
  • 00:40:44
    whether the Texas Revolution brought
  • 00:40:46
    political CI Civic political and
  • 00:40:48
    religious freedom and and I'm and I'll
  • 00:40:50
    put the question and Mark in myself did
  • 00:40:52
    it bring this kind of Freedom then we
  • 00:40:55
    there are certain places we need to look
  • 00:40:58
    now I'll just start right here by saying
  • 00:41:02
    um if you were black in Texas it most
  • 00:41:06
    definitely did not bring freedom it
  • 00:41:08
    brought the opposite of freedom to you
  • 00:41:11
    period there's I mean it's not even a
  • 00:41:14
    question in this case uh you just need
  • 00:41:16
    to look at the at the uh constitution of
  • 00:41:18
    the State of Texas to see that if you
  • 00:41:20
    were black and you were not enslaved you
  • 00:41:22
    had to leave there were those were your
  • 00:41:24
    only options uh to to Frankly Speaking
  • 00:41:27
    and that was written into the
  • 00:41:30
    Constitution but let's but let's
  • 00:41:32
    continue if you were Indian if you were
  • 00:41:34
    Mexican what did this mean and so to
  • 00:41:37
    really understand the meaning of the
  • 00:41:39
    battle of San jasinto to really
  • 00:41:41
    understand the meaning of the of the war
  • 00:41:43
    in San Antonio I think we need to look
  • 00:41:45
    at it into this in this brighter context
  • 00:41:47
    I'm I really wanted U I'm G to go
  • 00:41:50
    through my slides real quickly and then
  • 00:41:51
    I'll leave some time for question and
  • 00:41:52
    answer if it's okay thank you um and and
  • 00:41:55
    as a historian the way we are the way I
  • 00:41:59
    teach my students to think about
  • 00:42:00
    importance and significance is by
  • 00:42:01
    situating it temporarily to understand
  • 00:42:04
    an event we need to know what happened
  • 00:42:06
    before what happened during what
  • 00:42:07
    happened after to get an understanding
  • 00:42:09
    of that context um you when when you go
  • 00:42:13
    to um the Sano Monument there etched in
  • 00:42:16
    stone is a a case made for why the
  • 00:42:20
    battle is important and this case it's
  • 00:42:21
    put in terms of American westward
  • 00:42:23
    expansion on the monument itself and I
  • 00:42:25
    want to talk about other cont text so if
  • 00:42:28
    we're talking about the the context of
  • 00:42:30
    San Antonio in particular in Texas more
  • 00:42:32
    broadly we need to understand this in
  • 00:42:34
    terms of what was happening before which
  • 00:42:36
    is Texas was a frontier province of a of
  • 00:42:39
    a newly formed nation in this case
  • 00:42:41
    Mexico that was struggling with many of
  • 00:42:43
    the of the of the Growing Pains of
  • 00:42:46
    becoming a new nation particularly
  • 00:42:47
    around what kind of political for what
  • 00:42:49
    kind of government form of government
  • 00:42:50
    they were going to have and in this case
  • 00:42:52
    Texas came out on the Federalist side of
  • 00:42:54
    that argument it was one that was
  • 00:42:56
    attempting to establish peace and a kind
  • 00:43:00
    of uh um relations with various
  • 00:43:03
    indigenous groups some which had been
  • 00:43:05
    there for Millennia and others who had
  • 00:43:07
    just arrived being pushed out of the
  • 00:43:11
    American South uh groups like the
  • 00:43:13
    Cherokee who were coming into Texas as a
  • 00:43:15
    place of refuge and in the context of
  • 00:43:18
    slavery um the context by which American
  • 00:43:20
    immigrants were brought into
  • 00:43:22
    Texas U and slavery was um not just
  • 00:43:27
    allowed but was seen as a necessary part
  • 00:43:29
    of that and where Theos were advocates
  • 00:43:33
    for uh for allowing slavery particularly
  • 00:43:38
    uh as as a way of establishing the kind
  • 00:43:41
    of economic um um safety net that was
  • 00:43:45
    going to be necessary to keep Texas
  • 00:43:47
    going now again during the war we we
  • 00:43:50
    need to look at what how people reacted
  • 00:43:52
    during the war what did people do now we
  • 00:43:54
    tal one of the things we've been talking
  • 00:43:55
    about that already came up was Theos
  • 00:43:57
    being on on the on the texian side of
  • 00:44:00
    the war Theos being on the Mexican side
  • 00:44:02
    of the war but I have to be honest with
  • 00:44:04
    you the vast majority of
  • 00:44:06
    tanos didn't R didn't pick up a weapon
  • 00:44:09
    they went and they they they left town
  • 00:44:13
    think about where the Texas Revolution
  • 00:44:14
    happened it happened mostly in and
  • 00:44:16
    around meico
  • 00:44:18
    homes around their homes around their
  • 00:44:21
    ranches so they uh they left they
  • 00:44:24
    retreated they did they wanted to
  • 00:44:26
    protect their kids they wanted protect
  • 00:44:27
    their family and they really wanted to
  • 00:44:29
    Fig they didn't know how things were
  • 00:44:30
    going to shake out there was really the
  • 00:44:32
    if there's one message you have for
  • 00:44:34
    Toano is it's uncertainty and not
  • 00:44:36
    knowing how things are going to turn out
  • 00:44:38
    and finally the Legacy in
  • 00:44:40
    memory if we are to gauge what the
  • 00:44:42
    impact of the war we need to think of
  • 00:44:44
    how me meos deos um endured uh during
  • 00:44:49
    the after the war what happened and not
  • 00:44:51
    only that but how slavery boomed during
  • 00:44:53
    that period uh immediately after the war
  • 00:44:55
    so we so we need to so these are the
  • 00:44:57
    contexts that we'll look at the war next
  • 00:45:00
    as I mentioned before Mexico in this
  • 00:45:02
    case was in the the midst of a civil war
  • 00:45:04
    I'll call it a civil war for for uh for
  • 00:45:07
    that for that context and and in this
  • 00:45:10
    case for many of the tanos for many
  • 00:45:12
    tanos especially in San Antonio the lens
  • 00:45:15
    which they were looking at what the
  • 00:45:17
    events in Texas was through this
  • 00:45:19
    Federalist lens now this is not the
  • 00:45:22
    first time the hos had been involved in
  • 00:45:24
    a kind of larger National struggle
  • 00:45:26
    strugg some of the first battles of
  • 00:45:28
    Mexican independence from Spain took
  • 00:45:30
    place in 1811 and 1813 in San Antonio in
  • 00:45:33
    San Antonio out on the frontier you had
  • 00:45:36
    Theos you had Theos already eager to
  • 00:45:39
    establish the Mexican
  • 00:45:41
    Nation um perhaps the bloodiest battle
  • 00:45:46
    in the history of Texas took place in
  • 00:45:48
    the Battle of Medina in 1813 think about
  • 00:45:50
    it there haven't been
  • 00:45:52
    many many battles in Texas to begin with
  • 00:45:55
    but many battles that produced this many
  • 00:45:57
    deaths as the Battle of Medina uh
  • 00:46:00
    between um between Theos and and the the
  • 00:46:03
    Spanish crown and the Spanish soldiers
  • 00:46:05
    so we have here uh an important moment
  • 00:46:07
    in Texas history that rarely gets put in
  • 00:46:09
    context but what I'm suggesting here is
  • 00:46:11
    we need to look at it at the H reactions
  • 00:46:13
    in that in that context as well so
  • 00:46:16
    what's going on in in Texas is going on
  • 00:46:19
    in other parts of the Mexican Republic
  • 00:46:21
    you have a revolts against Santana
  • 00:46:23
    taking place in in yukatan and sakas qu
  • 00:46:27
    other parts of quaa I mean this is part
  • 00:46:29
    of they see themselves as part of a
  • 00:46:31
    larger movement in some ways and so this
  • 00:46:33
    is um if we're going to connect what's
  • 00:46:36
    going on with the hos we need to connect
  • 00:46:37
    it not only in terms of uh of the
  • 00:46:39
    American side but in terms of the
  • 00:46:41
    Mexican side as well
  • 00:46:45
    next the other context we need to look
  • 00:46:47
    at this is in the Indigenous context as
  • 00:46:49
    I mentioned before Cherokees were coming
  • 00:46:51
    in in larger numbers um escaping
  • 00:46:54
    essentially the the the um difficult
  • 00:46:57
    situation they were put in by American
  • 00:46:59
    settlers in Georgia and
  • 00:47:02
    Alabama and um and uh uh in Upland areas
  • 00:47:06
    um we also had a development of a of a
  • 00:47:09
    very extensive trading and raiding
  • 00:47:11
    Frontier uh led by the kamanche that
  • 00:47:13
    we're finding more and more about where
  • 00:47:15
    kamanche were ranging across that that
  • 00:47:17
    those Plains between New Mexico and and
  • 00:47:19
    Texas as uh and further north and
  • 00:47:23
    further south down as far as South as s
  • 00:47:25
    Lis ptoi where you had raing parties
  • 00:47:27
    going in and out um rating on the one
  • 00:47:29
    rating in Mexico and then selling to the
  • 00:47:31
    Americans on the other side so you had
  • 00:47:33
    this extensive network that we see as
  • 00:47:35
    random violence but one that is is
  • 00:47:37
    really U part of a larger um battle
  • 00:47:40
    going on uh at that time and finally we
  • 00:47:43
    see the work that uh early work that
  • 00:47:45
    missions undertook with other indigenous
  • 00:47:49
    groups uh both to attempt to secularize
  • 00:47:51
    and assimilate those indigenous groups
  • 00:47:53
    sometimes successfully sometimes
  • 00:47:55
    unsuccessfully but ones that created a
  • 00:47:57
    different kind of relationship with
  • 00:47:58
    Mexico and Mexican people next finally
  • 00:48:01
    we have to think about the options that
  • 00:48:04
    the honel faced
  • 00:48:06
    as as um tensions Rose between the UN
  • 00:48:11
    between Mexican government and and Texas
  • 00:48:14
    the HS were being forced into a position
  • 00:48:16
    where they had to choose sides if you
  • 00:48:17
    will um they were negotiating what they
  • 00:48:20
    were trying to negotiate what was going
  • 00:48:22
    on in in a shifting landscape and this
  • 00:48:26
    so this takes me back to again trying to
  • 00:48:28
    understand where the particular Theos
  • 00:48:30
    and San Antonio fit in the picture of
  • 00:48:31
    American westward American uh
  • 00:48:33
    immigration into Texas um it was the
  • 00:48:37
    hanos who were essentially playing the
  • 00:48:40
    middleman role um for the empresario
  • 00:48:44
    system they were the ones along with
  • 00:48:46
    Austin but they were they were uh they
  • 00:48:48
    were the ones that were supporting um
  • 00:48:51
    various projects in in saltio they were
  • 00:48:54
    the ones who were representing
  • 00:48:57
    uh many of the essos in San Antonio and
  • 00:48:59
    in satio they were the ones who were who
  • 00:49:01
    were um overseeing the not only the
  • 00:49:04
    system but whenever there were problems
  • 00:49:05
    Whenever there were tensions attempting
  • 00:49:07
    to smooth those over and attempting to
  • 00:49:09
    keep the the the program
  • 00:49:11
    going so as angl Texans began to demand
  • 00:49:14
    statehood uh can you go back just real
  • 00:49:16
    quick as Anglo Texans were starting to
  • 00:49:18
    demand statehood um and and wanting to
  • 00:49:21
    take those demands to Mexico City the
  • 00:49:22
    hanel were in a put in a bind did they
  • 00:49:25
    side with the hos and demand statehood
  • 00:49:27
    with them which brought a new problem
  • 00:49:30
    which as was mentioned before they
  • 00:49:32
    didn't have numeric they didn't have the
  • 00:49:34
    numbers uh in Texas at that point so
  • 00:49:36
    were Texas to become a state they would
  • 00:49:38
    they would immediately become the
  • 00:49:39
    minority in that state as long as they
  • 00:49:42
    were part of guaa they still had
  • 00:49:45
    equality if you will uh so they there
  • 00:49:47
    was a variety of reasons why they
  • 00:49:49
    weren't quick to jump on statehood not
  • 00:49:50
    to mention that they also realized that
  • 00:49:52
    that would um be seen at the process by
  • 00:49:55
    which angles the the the texians were
  • 00:49:58
    pursuing for stay Hood would be seen as
  • 00:50:00
    um threatening to the Mexican Nation as
  • 00:50:03
    well on the other hand Mexican political
  • 00:50:05
    the theel were part of these conflicts
  • 00:50:08
    going on in Mexico they were again
  • 00:50:11
    taking this Federalist side so they were
  • 00:50:13
    already in opposition to certain parts
  • 00:50:14
    of the Mexican Government so when we
  • 00:50:16
    start thinking about the question of
  • 00:50:18
    Allegiance this idea of Texas side what
  • 00:50:21
    side are you on well it's really
  • 00:50:22
    complicated because there's multiple
  • 00:50:24
    sides here it's not just one either or
  • 00:50:27
    there there's a a shifting landscape a
  • 00:50:29
    complicated landscape that really has to
  • 00:50:31
    do with where people are in their lives
  • 00:50:33
    and where they're coming from versus
  • 00:50:35
    what somebody externally is imposing on
  • 00:50:37
    them
  • 00:50:39
    next finally there's the context of
  • 00:50:41
    American expansion and in this case we
  • 00:50:43
    think of American expans westward
  • 00:50:44
    expansion in Broad terms Manifest
  • 00:50:46
    Destiny and so forth but I really want
  • 00:50:48
    to focus on one part of expansion here
  • 00:50:49
    which is what the role that Texas played
  • 00:50:51
    not just in expansion but in the
  • 00:50:52
    expansion of slavery Westward Texas was
  • 00:50:55
    seen as
  • 00:50:57
    the it was seen as the growth of for it
  • 00:51:00
    was a growth area for the South was a
  • 00:51:02
    way of expanding cotton production um
  • 00:51:04
    and and and slavery was a key necess
  • 00:51:08
    many felt that slavery was the most
  • 00:51:10
    important part for that expansion so we
  • 00:51:12
    have to put it in that context as well
  • 00:51:14
    next
  • 00:51:17
    slide in some ways the the tensions came
  • 00:51:21
    to a head and boiled over during the Law
  • 00:51:23
    of April 6 1830 um when as a resp
  • 00:51:27
    Tan's report um to to Mexico report to
  • 00:51:31
    Mexico City um the colonization laws
  • 00:51:34
    were modified uh in two ways in two two
  • 00:51:38
    of those modifications had resulted in
  • 00:51:41
    key responses by anglo-americans are
  • 00:51:43
    seen as threatening the first was
  • 00:51:45
    restrictions to slavery and as soon as
  • 00:51:48
    and one of the things we have to always
  • 00:51:49
    remember when we're thinking of the 19th
  • 00:51:50
    century is any any restriction to
  • 00:51:53
    slavery was seen as a the beginning of
  • 00:51:56
    the end anytime something would come up
  • 00:51:58
    it was seen as the way people talk about
  • 00:52:00
    in history is the slippery slope right
  • 00:52:02
    as soon as you had one restriction it
  • 00:52:04
    would mean the elimination of slavery
  • 00:52:05
    altogether and there was no middle
  • 00:52:07
    ground there was no like you could you
  • 00:52:09
    know shape it it was either you allowed
  • 00:52:11
    it totally or or you were it was going
  • 00:52:13
    to
  • 00:52:13
    disappear and and and that was a
  • 00:52:15
    thinking at the time so anytime you saw
  • 00:52:17
    restrictions of slavery pop up that was
  • 00:52:20
    that was immediate reaction and secondly
  • 00:52:22
    there was a a halt put to American
  • 00:52:24
    Immigration into Texas and that was also
  • 00:52:26
    seen as how else could it be taken for
  • 00:52:28
    Americans as um as a threat to not only
  • 00:52:32
    the future of immigration into Texas but
  • 00:52:34
    as a kind of indictment of those who had
  • 00:52:35
    come what we do know historically is
  • 00:52:38
    that Americans continued to come even uh
  • 00:52:40
    after the Law of April 6 1830 but it
  • 00:52:43
    also started raising the stakes if you
  • 00:52:44
    will so this leads us to the Texas war
  • 00:52:48
    was it a revolution or a war of
  • 00:52:50
    secession depends on it depends on where
  • 00:52:53
    who you're talking about people side by
  • 00:52:55
    side can often have fighting side by
  • 00:52:57
    side can often have different
  • 00:52:58
    motivations that often often have
  • 00:53:00
    different reasons for fighting you could
  • 00:53:02
    be fighting for your family you could be
  • 00:53:03
    fighting for the person next to you you
  • 00:53:05
    could be fighting for your cdio you
  • 00:53:07
    could be fighting for your padrino you
  • 00:53:09
    could be fighting for a variety of
  • 00:53:10
    reasons and so we until we until we able
  • 00:53:13
    to see that the war could mean different
  • 00:53:15
    things we won't be able to understand
  • 00:53:17
    everyone's involvement in that war or
  • 00:53:19
    those different meetings so part so even
  • 00:53:22
    if we look at angle participation we see
  • 00:53:24
    that that the war itself changed over
  • 00:53:26
    time
  • 00:53:27
    beginning initially involving Anglo
  • 00:53:30
    Texans who had been there for for for
  • 00:53:32
    many years for a
  • 00:53:34
    decade um and theano Federalists but one
  • 00:53:37
    that as the war continued shifted into
  • 00:53:40
    more um American uh volunteers coming
  • 00:53:43
    from um coming from um the United States
  • 00:53:46
    from places like Tennessee who had never
  • 00:53:49
    lived in Texas but we're now claiming
  • 00:53:51
    Texan uh belonging
  • 00:53:55
    next so so as we think of the war in
  • 00:53:58
    Texas I just again I you've noticed I've
  • 00:54:00
    been talking about how we talk about it
  • 00:54:03
    why and how we refer to it not
  • 00:54:05
    necessarily in an attempt to try to
  • 00:54:07
    become somehow uh historically accurate
  • 00:54:10
    in the sense that that's the language
  • 00:54:11
    that people Ed back then because we know
  • 00:54:14
    language changes the meanings change but
  • 00:54:16
    one in order to to use language of today
  • 00:54:18
    to help us unpack and untangle the past
  • 00:54:22
    so when we refer to uh Anglo Texans do
  • 00:54:24
    we refer to them as colonists or do we
  • 00:54:26
    refer to them as
  • 00:54:28
    immigrants they were immigrating from
  • 00:54:30
    the United States to Mexico after all
  • 00:54:32
    weren were they not so to talk but and
  • 00:54:35
    then to use the word immigrant in our
  • 00:54:37
    contemporary context brings up a whole
  • 00:54:40
    set of of of of beliefs and assumptions
  • 00:54:45
    but what I want to suggest here is that
  • 00:54:47
    we shouldn't be afraid of those we tend
  • 00:54:49
    to fear those and and and maybe that's
  • 00:54:52
    going to be my closing theme like don't
  • 00:54:54
    be afraid of that this is actually an
  • 00:54:56
    opportunity and and I'll I'll I'll
  • 00:54:58
    continue that in a second the second is
  • 00:55:01
    perhaps um my initial reluctance to say
  • 00:55:04
    um to understand that theano side what
  • 00:55:08
    we do know is that not only were there
  • 00:55:10
    different perspectives and motivations
  • 00:55:12
    among uh different people living in
  • 00:55:13
    Texan Theos had different positions as
  • 00:55:16
    well there were those Danos who had
  • 00:55:17
    connections to Louisiana who had
  • 00:55:19
    business connections to Louisiana that
  • 00:55:20
    had one set of interest there were other
  • 00:55:22
    tanos who had say connections to monter
  • 00:55:25
    or Salo there were others who who there
  • 00:55:27
    were others who had lived there for
  • 00:55:30
    generations and just wanted to be left
  • 00:55:32
    alone there were others who had uh
  • 00:55:35
    alliances with with uh texians um you
  • 00:55:38
    know business alliances family alliances
  • 00:55:40
    inter marriages uh and then there were
  • 00:55:43
    others who saw te who saw angl Texans as
  • 00:55:46
    a threat who saw them as as as um as saw
  • 00:55:50
    experience mistreatment firsthand in
  • 00:55:53
    places like across Texas so you can't
  • 00:55:56
    generalize about that there was one
  • 00:55:59
    Deano side but even asking that question
  • 00:56:02
    I think helps us helps us understand
  • 00:56:05
    that that there that it's not just a
  • 00:56:08
    Mexican side and and a and an Anglo side
  • 00:56:10
    but really a much more complicated
  • 00:56:12
    picture finally it's this question of
  • 00:56:14
    Liberty and freedom we talk about the
  • 00:56:16
    Texas War as one about as as I mentioned
  • 00:56:19
    in in these Texas standards as one of
  • 00:56:21
    Liberty and freedom but we need to
  • 00:56:23
    understand what Liberty and freedom
  • 00:56:24
    means to everybody uh what does liberty
  • 00:56:27
    and freedom mean to indigenous peoples
  • 00:56:28
    what does liberty and freedom mean to
  • 00:56:30
    enslaved peoples what does liberty and
  • 00:56:32
    freedom mean to Theos uh on a ranch what
  • 00:56:35
    does uh Liberty and freedom mean to uh
  • 00:56:38
    indigenous people who lived who used to
  • 00:56:40
    live in a mission that had now been
  • 00:56:41
    secularized and the land that they were
  • 00:56:43
    supposed to receive uh from that mission
  • 00:56:45
    land uh starts getting sold away from
  • 00:56:48
    underneath their feet um and by other
  • 00:56:52
    tanos and so this is this is a a a comp
  • 00:56:55
    this is a much more complicated picture
  • 00:56:58
    one where it's not just an easy answer
  • 00:57:00
    where there was a war and then everybody
  • 00:57:02
    was better this this was a long
  • 00:57:05
    complicated process that had already
  • 00:57:06
    been underway for uh for decades before
  • 00:57:10
    next and as I wanted to emphasize for
  • 00:57:13
    Theos in particular and if we were to
  • 00:57:16
    try to understand H their experience
  • 00:57:18
    from the war what I wanted to
  • 00:57:20
    emphasize I talked about before during
  • 00:57:23
    and now after the aftermath of the war
  • 00:57:25
    for them was un
  • 00:57:26
    certainty um and I have to say um I
  • 00:57:30
    don't think it's a coincidence um put a
  • 00:57:34
    different way that we spent a lot of
  • 00:57:37
    time in in history class when I was a
  • 00:57:40
    kid at least talking about the Texas
  • 00:57:42
    Republic
  • 00:57:44
    and we might talk about the Texas
  • 00:57:46
    Republic now as a an um a a viable
  • 00:57:49
    Nation but certainly anybody living
  • 00:57:52
    during that period didn't experience it
  • 00:57:54
    that way and so it should it should for
  • 00:57:56
    us as historians to think about what was
  • 00:57:58
    this Republic of Texas and the if you
  • 00:58:02
    were living in San Antonio the Republic
  • 00:58:04
    of Texas or well let me start uh U Dr
  • 00:58:09
    Val Humes is going to talk about U the
  • 00:58:11
    valley where the Republic of Texas was
  • 00:58:13
    almost non-existent uh if we go to San
  • 00:58:16
    Antonio it's existent but tenuous we
  • 00:58:20
    have two invasions that take place in
  • 00:58:22
    1842 right by uh by Vasquez first and
  • 00:58:25
    then by uh General Alan
  • 00:58:27
    wall uh in September of 1842 where the
  • 00:58:30
    Mexican Army marches into San Antonio
  • 00:58:33
    and retakes San Antonio in
  • 00:58:36
    1842 and U raises the Mexican flag once
  • 00:58:39
    more celebrates Jess SE once more as a
  • 00:58:41
    Mexican uh town and then promptly packs
  • 00:58:45
    up and returns to Mexico taking some
  • 00:58:48
    families with them and leaving in a
  • 00:58:51
    sense a kind of uh
  • 00:58:54
    message that um
  • 00:58:58
    that what I would well two messages one
  • 00:59:01
    is that the message that they were
  • 00:59:02
    directly giving Which is they were they
  • 00:59:04
    required um the the the San Antonio um
  • 00:59:08
    government to uh sign a note a letter
  • 00:59:11
    saying they would protect the rights of
  • 00:59:13
    tanos of the Mexican population that
  • 00:59:15
    stayed in San Antonio um so you already
  • 00:59:18
    had a sense that there was a threat that
  • 00:59:20
    there was there was there were threats
  • 00:59:22
    uh underlying um the feeling threaten a
  • 00:59:26
    threatening feeling that was underlying
  • 00:59:28
    many Tano people uh in San Antonio at
  • 00:59:30
    that time but for me as a historian the
  • 00:59:33
    message it sends is one of contingency
  • 00:59:35
    one
  • 00:59:37
    of things are not as certain things are
  • 00:59:39
    not as absolute as they may seem and
  • 00:59:41
    that ground is not as stable and so what
  • 00:59:43
    does that mean for for for Mexican
  • 00:59:45
    families living in San Antonio it
  • 00:59:47
    actually had a kind of negative uh uh
  • 00:59:49
    impact and that impact was one where for
  • 00:59:52
    many Tano families that Mexican Invasion
  • 00:59:55
    um in a sense destabilized their claims
  • 00:59:59
    to being to belonging one where um it it
  • 01:00:03
    was never quite certain whether tanos
  • 01:00:06
    when it would come down to it would side
  • 01:00:07
    with Mexico or would side with the
  • 01:00:08
    United States certainly the war of
  • 01:00:11
    1846 uh between the United States of
  • 01:00:13
    Mexico raised some of this question
  • 01:00:15
    although we should also ask that
  • 01:00:16
    question for say Irish Texans living in
  • 01:00:18
    Corpus and so forth so we this question
  • 01:00:20
    of Allegiance comes up again and again
  • 01:00:23
    um theel were were forced to sign
  • 01:00:26
    loyalty oats U particularly if they
  • 01:00:27
    wanted to access uh headright land
  • 01:00:30
    grants and and and other um other U uh
  • 01:00:35
    um value and other rewards of the of uh
  • 01:00:38
    of the of the war um finally if we're to
  • 01:00:41
    measure the impact not only the impact
  • 01:00:43
    on San Antonio was the decline in
  • 01:00:45
    population Mexican population but more
  • 01:00:47
    importantly the decline in political
  • 01:00:49
    power and economic power in San Antonio
  • 01:00:51
    as over that period between the 1850s
  • 01:00:54
    and 1880s uh
  • 01:00:56
    wealth and political power shifted from
  • 01:00:59
    texano hands to texian hands to to Anglo
  • 01:01:03
    Anglo hands um in in San Antonio from
  • 01:01:05
    that period
  • 01:01:07
    on uh finally uh one of the things about
  • 01:01:09
    writing a book is you know that was the
  • 01:01:12
    way I was thinking about it 10 years ago
  • 01:01:15
    now we look at it and I'm constantly
  • 01:01:17
    learning New Perspectives I'm constantly
  • 01:01:19
    learning different ways of thinking
  • 01:01:20
    about the war in Texas the Texas war was
  • 01:01:23
    it one of American Redemption as Brian
  • 01:01:25
    DeLay talks about it his book War of a
  • 01:01:26
    thousand deserts was it a war U that was
  • 01:01:29
    driven by slavery as um as uh Randolph
  • 01:01:33
    Campbell is talked about and as as a uh
  • 01:01:35
    work by tget is is brought up more
  • 01:01:38
    recently is it is this the place where
  • 01:01:40
    the the roots of Latino culture
  • 01:01:43
    Nationwide in the rest of the United
  • 01:01:44
    States took place here in Texas as uh
  • 01:01:47
    asul gonado has has recently uh
  • 01:01:50
    suggested um there's still so much we
  • 01:01:52
    need to know about Texas in this period
  • 01:01:54
    and finally so I want to end then uh
  • 01:01:58
    last slide uh with this question of the
  • 01:02:01
    future how do we talk about the F the
  • 01:02:04
    the Texas future and and one of the
  • 01:02:06
    things that uh always amazes me is how
  • 01:02:09
    this is an unsettled question not only
  • 01:02:11
    we talking about battles going on in
  • 01:02:14
    Austin over the curriculum not only we
  • 01:02:17
    uh but we're talking about that
  • 01:02:19
    symbolism constantly
  • 01:02:22
    um I I saw um um uh Senator Garcia up
  • 01:02:27
    here and for me my memory of Senator is
  • 01:02:30
    is involvement in the Houston in the in
  • 01:02:32
    the Houston 1836 soccer naming um
  • 01:02:36
    uh event that happened in 2006 here in
  • 01:02:39
    Houston where uh the soccer team the
  • 01:02:42
    Dynamo the world champion Dynamo um were
  • 01:02:46
    uh were initially going to be called the
  • 01:02:48
    Houston 1836 and that that raised a
  • 01:02:51
    Citywide debate over is that what does
  • 01:02:54
    that mean what does it mean for
  • 01:02:56
    a fan base that's going to be a half
  • 01:02:58
    Latino to be celebrating to be cheering
  • 01:03:01
    for a team named after the defeat of the
  • 01:03:05
    Mexican Army in
  • 01:03:06
    1836 um was and immediately said well
  • 01:03:09
    you're Texan you shouldn't care about
  • 01:03:11
    the defeat of the Mexican Army and my
  • 01:03:14
    point here is and this is my my my this
  • 01:03:17
    is my takeaway Point here that what for
  • 01:03:21
    deos today how you talk about the Texas
  • 01:03:25
    Revolution how you talk about the Texas
  • 01:03:26
    War has become a litness test for
  • 01:03:29
    whether you're American or you're not or
  • 01:03:30
    you're unamerican and I thought we'd
  • 01:03:33
    been gotten away from the Inquisition I
  • 01:03:36
    thought we had gotten away from the
  • 01:03:37
    house and American Activities Committee
  • 01:03:39
    but but it's but my suggestion here is
  • 01:03:42
    it's a it that that it is a difficult
  • 01:03:46
    terrain and one that as a as a
  • 01:03:49
    professional historian uh we feel I feel
  • 01:03:51
    that it's important that we continue to
  • 01:03:53
    walk through that we continue to to
  • 01:03:56
    make mistakes if we do but we need to
  • 01:03:58
    make those mistakes because we need to
  • 01:03:59
    keep trying to get not only a more
  • 01:04:02
    accurate image but one that is more
  • 01:04:04
    expansive and gives and helps us
  • 01:04:06
    understand the reality of that period as
  • 01:04:07
    well I'll take a few questions oh no uh
  • 01:04:10
    there'll be time for qu um I know there
  • 01:04:12
    was a couple questions as we were going
  • 01:04:13
    along uh but we're going to have another
  • 01:04:15
    speaker and then a few qu then both of
  • 01:04:16
    us will come up and and answer questions
  • 01:04:18
    and we'll before the next break is that
  • 01:04:20
    correct okay thank you very much
  • 01:04:32
    our tradition is to have questions at
  • 01:04:34
    the end of the afternoon however Dr
  • 01:04:36
    Ramos who's in uh great demand is going
  • 01:04:39
    to have to leave before lunch today
  • 01:04:42
    because he has to get to another
  • 01:04:43
    conference I think in
  • 01:04:45
    another in Atlanta uh and uh so if you
  • 01:04:49
    want him to sign your copy of Beyond The
  • 01:04:51
    Alamo or if you want to ask him a
  • 01:04:54
    question you need to NAB him the break
  • 01:04:56
    uh that we will take uh this is General
  • 01:04:59
    Vasquez and general wo and they've just
  • 01:05:08
    invaded uh I would also be remiss if I
  • 01:05:10
    didn't uh recognize in Greater extent
  • 01:05:12
    than has been done before uh someone
  • 01:05:14
    mentioned before that Dr Tarina is is
  • 01:05:17
    here uh he is not our Reserve Medic in
  • 01:05:19
    case we uh in case someone has a heart
  • 01:05:21
    attack uh do this doctor Tarina is as
  • 01:05:24
    they say a real doctor uh uh professor
  • 01:05:27
    of history and I would uh if you if
  • 01:05:29
    you're not aware of his book uh Danos
  • 01:05:32
    and and and Texas under the Mexican flag
  • 01:05:35
    you really need to be it's it's uh it's
  • 01:05:37
    the Bible from which we all uh uh bring
  • 01:05:40
    our our perspectives I think uh and one
  • 01:05:43
    that uh that has really taught me a
  • 01:05:45
    great deal uh Andre will you raise your
  • 01:05:48
    hand just so people can
  • 01:05:52
    see so people can see how
  • 01:05:54
    extraordinarily handsome you are and one
  • 01:05:58
    more thing if you have a cell phone with
  • 01:05:59
    you either silence it or make it vibrate
  • 01:06:03
    or U or or turn it off entirely because
  • 01:06:06
    we don't need to have the the cell
  • 01:06:08
    phones uh ringing um speaking of San
  • 01:06:11
    Antonio uh we have a native of San
  • 01:06:14
    Antonio uh who's going to be coming up
  • 01:06:16
    next he's taught at four universities in
  • 01:06:19
    San Antonio currently uh Texas A&M in
  • 01:06:22
    San Antonio but uh Dr Francis is going
  • 01:06:26
    to be talking to us today about probably
  • 01:06:28
    the least known of all the tanos of the
  • 01:06:32
    early 19th century and those are the
  • 01:06:34
    tanos of East Texas um I spent a week in
  • 01:06:37
    nacadas uh doing research several years
  • 01:06:39
    ago and learned a great deal uh from not
  • 01:06:44
    only the archives uh which were
  • 01:06:47
    revelatory uh much of what I had been
  • 01:06:49
    told what I've I've given a talk before
  • 01:06:52
    called lies damn lies in Texas history
  • 01:06:55
    uh and uh many of those many of those
  • 01:06:58
    lies uh apply to East Texas even more so
  • 01:07:01
    than perhaps uh South Texas but there is
  • 01:07:04
    a secret history of
  • 01:07:05
    nadas uh uh and uh Dr Galan is going to
  • 01:07:10
    share that with us like all three
  • 01:07:11
    speakers this morning Craig real who's
  • 01:07:13
    coming next rul Ramos Dr Galan uh is a
  • 01:07:17
    teacher uh as well as a scholar and uh
  • 01:07:21
    almost all of these Scholars who are
  • 01:07:23
    with us today have have have earned
  • 01:07:25
    teaching Awards as well as scholarly
  • 01:07:28
    Awards and I for one am very anxious to
  • 01:07:31
    hear what Dr Francis Galan is going to
  • 01:07:33
    teach us about East Texas tanos today
  • 01:07:37
    Francis
  • 01:08:09
    good morning
  • 01:08:11
    everybody it is an extreme honor to be
  • 01:08:14
    here standing in front of everybody here
  • 01:08:17
    such an Eclectic group of people and I
  • 01:08:21
    must say that I am indebted in terms of
  • 01:08:25
    studying about deos and in particular
  • 01:08:28
    East Texas um to Dr Tarina um who really
  • 01:08:34
    provided a lot of inspiration for me at
  • 01:08:36
    the very beginning starting on this work
  • 01:08:40
    in uh my dissertation at SMU under David
  • 01:08:42
    Weber and uh Dr Frank DEA for serving on
  • 01:08:47
    my committee and realizing oh boy um I
  • 01:08:50
    better be careful um but uh when I was
  • 01:08:55
    asked asked to talk about East Texas
  • 01:08:58
    tanos and the Texas
  • 01:09:01
    Revolution my first thought was
  • 01:09:07
    honestly I'm really
  • 01:09:09
    screwed and I heard that from my dad um
  • 01:09:14
    growing up because he was a immigrant
  • 01:09:16
    from Cuba and um and he would always uh
  • 01:09:21
    but he would always call me bancho and I
  • 01:09:23
    never forget understand why he would
  • 01:09:24
    call me bancho if we go to Miami to
  • 01:09:26
    visit relatives or go to Spain to visit
  • 01:09:28
    my mom's relatives and um then once I
  • 01:09:32
    started graduate school he said that
  • 01:09:34
    well his uh his grandfather was actually
  • 01:09:38
    Mexicano from verac Cruz Mexico and at
  • 01:09:42
    some point around the Mexican Revolution
  • 01:09:44
    of 1910 had married a kubana a Cuban
  • 01:09:48
    woman and so um I guess the Poncho is is
  • 01:09:53
    fitting but my birth are certificate
  • 01:09:56
    actually indicates um Francis and he
  • 01:10:00
    just my dad just couldn't say Francis um
  • 01:10:03
    but in thinking about that in the
  • 01:10:05
    parallels of Revolution and realizing
  • 01:10:07
    you know like what I was saying about
  • 01:10:08
    you know are you either for us or
  • 01:10:10
    against us and in this case as it was a
  • 01:10:12
    Santa an um you know you realize gosh
  • 01:10:17
    you don't know how this is going to turn
  • 01:10:18
    out so um I realized though my
  • 01:10:22
    dissertation work was on the community
  • 01:10:24
    of Los Tas which people in Texas don't
  • 01:10:28
    even know about um this fort um was a
  • 01:10:31
    Spanish Fort established in 1721 and
  • 01:10:34
    designated the capital of Spain in
  • 01:10:36
    1729 but the archaeological site is in
  • 01:10:38
    Northwestern Louisiana and since it's
  • 01:10:40
    not on this side of the Border we really
  • 01:10:42
    don't talk about it and in Louisiana say
  • 01:10:45
    in Lafayette at a history conference
  • 01:10:48
    there not part of the Lower Mississippi
  • 01:10:50
    Valley and so it's not really part of
  • 01:10:52
    Louisiana it's just kind of abandoned if
  • 01:10:54
    you will
  • 01:10:55
    um orphaned in history um and so in a
  • 01:10:59
    sense I began to conceptualize uh the
  • 01:11:01
    region then as a border um because of
  • 01:11:05
    the fact that Spain had tried to prevent
  • 01:11:08
    the French from establishing or
  • 01:11:11
    capturing the silver trade of Mexico
  • 01:11:13
    Overland because France had been denied
  • 01:11:16
    um free trade at the legal Port of verac
  • 01:11:19
    Cruz and so if you can't do it legally
  • 01:11:22
    why not go the back door and that was to
  • 01:11:24
    go from Louisiana
  • 01:11:26
    uh through Texas into the northern
  • 01:11:28
    Mexico and um so a lot of my research
  • 01:11:31
    was based upon the 18th century and so
  • 01:11:34
    getting to the 19th century is a lot
  • 01:11:35
    more tricky uh but um this is really
  • 01:11:39
    just the beginning of what I want to
  • 01:11:41
    share with you
  • 01:11:43
    here on Thursday February the 11th
  • 01:11:47
    1836 Colonel William Gray a veteran of
  • 01:11:49
    the War of 1812 and lawyer related in
  • 01:11:52
    his diary how he awoke early that day
  • 01:11:54
    intending to have breakfast at the SIMS
  • 01:11:57
    house 16 mil away but was delayed
  • 01:12:00
    crossing the streams apparently the Bas
  • 01:12:02
    Creek and present Madison County along
  • 01:12:04
    the old Madisonville Bas Road upon
  • 01:12:07
    arrival at 11:00 in the morning Colonel
  • 01:12:10
    gray stated we quote we found the house
  • 01:12:13
    to be kept by a Mexican named Antonio
  • 01:12:15
    Rios a native of Nacadoches who spoke
  • 01:12:19
    the English language well and gave his
  • 01:12:21
    name as Rivers but his Gypsy likee
  • 01:12:24
    Visage betrayed his origin he is smart
  • 01:12:27
    obliging fellow who has rented the place
  • 01:12:30
    of Sims a rude House of two rooms and an
  • 01:12:33
    open passage the common style gray and
  • 01:12:36
    his horses were fed at the cost of
  • 01:12:39
    75 but gray
  • 01:12:41
    added here we found a company of 11 men
  • 01:12:44
    from Tennessee going to join the Army
  • 01:12:47
    end
  • 01:12:48
    quote decades later in 1904 just 5 years
  • 01:12:54
    before Colonel Gray's died diary was
  • 01:12:55
    first published a 77-year-old Madison
  • 01:12:59
    County resident named gray Ariola gave
  • 01:13:01
    an interview to the local paper claiming
  • 01:13:04
    that among those who stopped and rested
  • 01:13:05
    at SIMS Place were Davy Crockett and
  • 01:13:07
    James Buie on their way to the Alamo
  • 01:13:10
    regardless of the precise details these
  • 01:13:13
    stories not only capture the essence of
  • 01:13:15
    tanos in East Texas offering food and
  • 01:13:18
    shelter to strangers but also the
  • 01:13:20
    complex web of Commerce and kinship that
  • 01:13:23
    transcended Wars and
  • 01:13:26
    revolutions Sims the name Colonel gray
  • 01:13:29
    mentioned first refers to the family of
  • 01:13:32
    Richard Sims an Englishman who married
  • 01:13:35
    Maria concepion perz on September 22nd
  • 01:13:39
    1789 at nages
  • 01:13:41
    Louisiana two years later Richard moved
  • 01:13:44
    to Nacadoches became a farmer and
  • 01:13:46
    established a home where Maria joined
  • 01:13:48
    him by 1793 and together they had five
  • 01:13:51
    children two boys Jose De Jesus and Jose
  • 01:13:55
    gasio and three daughters gandaria
  • 01:13:57
    Antonia and Maria Maria P Sims and her
  • 01:14:00
    parents were tanos from San Antonio
  • 01:14:03
    de by 1809 according to the Spanish
  • 01:14:07
    census for NE doas that year among the
  • 01:14:10
    SS neighbors were Edmund Norris a farmer
  • 01:14:14
    from Maryland who established his Ranch
  • 01:14:17
    Nichi in 1804 where he and his wife
  • 01:14:20
    Sarah Sanders also raised five children
  • 01:14:23
    two sons Nathaniel and Samuel and three
  • 01:14:26
    daughters tomasa Susana and Jane another
  • 01:14:29
    neighbor edman Quirk a farmer from
  • 01:14:32
    Virginia established his Ranch theana at
  • 01:14:36
    nacadas in 1800 where his parents Edmund
  • 01:14:40
    and Anna alsa cour resided together with
  • 01:14:44
    his daughter and an agregado or that is
  • 01:14:46
    somebody who is not blood but a
  • 01:14:48
    political in- law named William suel
  • 01:14:52
    from Pennsylvania other immigrants to
  • 01:14:54
    nak doas besides Virginia Maryland and
  • 01:14:58
    Pennsylvania Hil from the United States
  • 01:15:01
    uh Canada Europe Cuba Africa Mexico as
  • 01:15:05
    well as the Apache the majority of
  • 01:15:08
    nacadas residents however were Theos
  • 01:15:11
    more specifically alos Soldier settlers
  • 01:15:15
    born at the Spanish Fort of losas in
  • 01:15:18
    Northwestern Louisiana that had been
  • 01:15:20
    abandoned in
  • 01:15:22
    1773 as well as the beo from San
  • 01:15:28
    Antonio and so there
  • 01:15:31
    is oh there is then um at
  • 01:15:37
    ladas this marker that indicates this
  • 01:15:41
    was the site for this old Spanish Fort
  • 01:15:44
    and it's located only 15 about 15 miles
  • 01:15:47
    west of nades and it's along uh State
  • 01:15:50
    Highway 6 which if you cross from the
  • 01:15:53
    Texas side along state Highway 21 um you
  • 01:15:57
    end up coming along and it's the the old
  • 01:16:00
    Camino and it is there then uh that the
  • 01:16:04
    um Spanish had tried to check French
  • 01:16:07
    Westward Expansion and the Old Stone
  • 01:16:10
    Fort in the image on the left the the
  • 01:16:12
    left hand side there established um
  • 01:16:16
    after nacadas had been founded in 1779
  • 01:16:19
    by Antonio gilaro who was a native from
  • 01:16:22
    loas I mean from yes from loas born
  • 01:16:25
    there in 1729 where his father Mel was
  • 01:16:29
    already a soldier and interestingly
  • 01:16:30
    enough before Mao had gone out to loas
  • 01:16:34
    he had a daughter baptized in the M
  • 01:16:36
    Mission San Antonio de valo which later
  • 01:16:39
    became famous as the AL so he had that
  • 01:16:42
    tie to San Antonio as well and um but
  • 01:16:45
    then many of the uh settlers who um were
  • 01:16:50
    at loas they were ordered by the king to
  • 01:16:53
    abandon their post and in 7 1973 you had
  • 01:16:56
    a kind of internal trail of teers in
  • 01:16:58
    which these settlers are forced to come
  • 01:17:00
    to San Antonio some of them stay there
  • 01:17:02
    others return and uh they're temporarily
  • 01:17:05
    on the lower Trinity River at bukari um
  • 01:17:08
    disease um Kaman Reids forced them um to
  • 01:17:12
    nacadas and they established the post
  • 01:17:15
    there in
  • 01:17:16
    1779 which is a side of an former
  • 01:17:19
    Spanish mission and it also has this
  • 01:17:21
    connection with the naad DOI the Catt um
  • 01:17:25
    Indians as well so perhaps their claim
  • 01:17:27
    to being the oldest town in Texas you
  • 01:17:29
    know do have some kind of ring of truth
  • 01:17:31
    to it um if you include the Native
  • 01:17:33
    American
  • 01:17:37
    um
  • 01:17:39
    among those residents at na nadas was a
  • 01:17:44
    beadel named Juan sigin age 47 farmer
  • 01:17:48
    who migrated to nacadas in
  • 01:17:51
    1799 with his wife josea Gomez where
  • 01:17:54
    they had a daughter named Manuela sein
  • 01:17:57
    and an Antonio Ariola aged 48 farmer
  • 01:18:02
    from Stan Antonio deard who had helped
  • 01:18:05
    Antonio gilaro establish nadas in
  • 01:18:09
    1779 where Ariola and his wife Anna Hova
  • 01:18:13
    Eis a tahano native from Los settled and
  • 01:18:16
    had a son named Eduardo meanwhile the
  • 01:18:19
    Antonio Rios mentioned in Colonel Gray's
  • 01:18:22
    diary May in fact be the one listed on
  • 01:18:24
    the 1809 nead census as Jose Antonio de
  • 01:18:29
    Rio age not shown son of Manuel de Rio
  • 01:18:34
    age 22 farmer from Nacadoches and Aina
  • 01:18:38
    Padilla age 18 also from Nacadoches and
  • 01:18:41
    siblings Jose vivano and hakina ages not
  • 01:18:45
    given it's quite likely the case that
  • 01:18:48
    Antonio Rio's parents were originally
  • 01:18:51
    from losas especially since my own list
  • 01:18:55
    of those tanos originally from loas
  • 01:18:57
    includes an Antonio de Rio who appears
  • 01:19:01
    in a 1782 census of San Antonio deard
  • 01:19:05
    despite having signed a petition with
  • 01:19:07
    hibo in 1773 to return to East texes
  • 01:19:11
    Antonio Deo evidently stayed behind
  • 01:19:15
    since his name appears on another
  • 01:19:16
    petition in 1778 for better lands to
  • 01:19:19
    settle in San
  • 01:19:23
    Antonio and so these are some of the
  • 01:19:25
    more um frequent names that appeared uh
  • 01:19:29
    for L losas but these come from Census
  • 01:19:33
    records Spanish Census records that I
  • 01:19:35
    pulled from the 1780s and 90s from San
  • 01:19:39
    Antonio um for nacadas in the 1790s and
  • 01:19:43
    even Lavia which is uh became Goliad in
  • 01:19:47
    1829 um for the census their census of
  • 01:19:51
    1809 and so a lot of the names that
  • 01:19:53
    appear on here are Nam that um end up
  • 01:19:56
    being involved in one way or another um
  • 01:19:59
    with the Texas
  • 01:20:00
    Revolution um it's just that uh in terms
  • 01:20:03
    of East Texas toos um this really not
  • 01:20:07
    part of this discussion um and yet
  • 01:20:10
    there's such deep ties between San
  • 01:20:13
    Antonio and uh East Texas is not even
  • 01:20:15
    funny um ra mentioned the Battle of
  • 01:20:19
    Medina when when uh the the Spanish
  • 01:20:22
    military under um Dondo basically they
  • 01:20:26
    they they killed about a thousand of the
  • 01:20:29
    of the rebels and many of the tanos many
  • 01:20:32
    of them had fled become refugees they
  • 01:20:35
    fled to Louisiana they went to nades and
  • 01:20:37
    so you can see the names of of bharos
  • 01:20:40
    there buried um at nacadish at least
  • 01:20:44
    according to the uh um St Francis
  • 01:20:46
    Catholic Church records there and um and
  • 01:20:49
    so then it's like you just have like
  • 01:20:51
    this this um um you know repetition in
  • 01:20:55
    terms of these relations of tanos and
  • 01:20:58
    nades Louisiana and it's in that context
  • 01:21:02
    then that you know you have um stepen F
  • 01:21:05
    Austin um arriving to Texas um from
  • 01:21:10
    nadesh and um is being escorted by um a
  • 01:21:14
    group of tanos and um so there are these
  • 01:21:18
    tremendous ties then um and movement
  • 01:21:21
    because soldiers from that fort in losas
  • 01:21:24
    were stationed
  • 01:21:25
    elsewhere in Texas um so then getting
  • 01:21:28
    back to this um we must keep in mind
  • 01:21:31
    that the dropping of prefixes and use of
  • 01:21:34
    middle names in spanish are not uncommon
  • 01:21:36
    especially on the frontier not to
  • 01:21:38
    mention um and I'll show you later on
  • 01:21:41
    another slide anglicized um versions of
  • 01:21:44
    these Hispanic names um for example uh
  • 01:21:49
    Del Rio that becomes uh rivers and
  • 01:21:53
    there's many other names as well and so
  • 01:21:56
    um we're related in ways that we don't
  • 01:21:58
    even realize
  • 01:22:00
    um regardless the point here is that the
  • 01:22:04
    children of tanos in East Texas
  • 01:22:06
    including anglos such as Nathaniel
  • 01:22:09
    Norris and another named John dur
  • 01:22:12
    together with adenos and beos fought and
  • 01:22:15
    died in the Battle of nacadas against
  • 01:22:17
    the Mexican Government many years later
  • 01:22:19
    In
  • 01:22:20
    1832 after having survived the violence
  • 01:22:23
    and Chaos of Independence from Spain and
  • 01:22:26
    the fredonian
  • 01:22:36
    rebellion and so in the Battle of
  • 01:22:38
    nacadas August 2nd of
  • 01:22:41
    1832 the yo that is the local government
  • 01:22:45
    at nacadas refused to give up their
  • 01:22:47
    arms sounds like a very Texan thing not
  • 01:22:51
    to refuse to give up your arms
  • 01:22:54
    come and take it as ordered by Colonel
  • 01:22:58
    Jose deas Pedas commander of the Mexican
  • 01:23:00
    12 permanent Battalion at Nacadoches
  • 01:23:03
    tensions were high due to the
  • 01:23:05
    controversial immigration law of 1830
  • 01:23:08
    that Mexico passed prohibiting further
  • 01:23:10
    immigration from the United States into
  • 01:23:12
    Texas as well as the confrontation over
  • 01:23:14
    taxes and commerce at
  • 01:23:17
    anaak many Texans initially supported
  • 01:23:20
    General Santana when he opposed the
  • 01:23:22
    centralist in Mexico City and and
  • 01:23:24
    favored states rights under the
  • 01:23:26
    Federalist Banner in constitution of
  • 01:23:30
    1824 and that's one of the things that's
  • 01:23:32
    rather interesting is that there is a
  • 01:23:35
    conversion that takes place among Sana
  • 01:23:37
    himself because you got to keep in mind
  • 01:23:39
    that he had become the hero of Mexico
  • 01:23:42
    most recently in
  • 01:23:45
    1829 when he helped lead the um
  • 01:23:48
    resistance to the invasion of Spain
  • 01:23:51
    trying to take Mexico back at as a
  • 01:23:56
    colony and santaana had handed over the
  • 01:23:59
    presidency and he retired he went back
  • 01:24:02
    to his estate and of all places verac
  • 01:24:04
    Cruz and he could have lived out his
  • 01:24:06
    retirement much like I dare say Eran
  • 01:24:10
    Cortez could have just stayed in Cuba
  • 01:24:12
    and he didn't have to go to
  • 01:24:15
    Mexico but Santana would end up uh
  • 01:24:19
    changing his political um
  • 01:24:22
    position and so then
  • 01:24:24
    the nacadas local government had formed
  • 01:24:28
    a national militia in response to the
  • 01:24:30
    threat Colonel Pedas posed after he
  • 01:24:33
    refused to resend his order and declare
  • 01:24:35
    for santanaa beas positioned his men at
  • 01:24:37
    the Old Stone Fort a local church and in
  • 01:24:41
    his headquarters which became known as
  • 01:24:43
    the red
  • 01:24:48
    house after initial withdrawal following
  • 01:24:51
    a Mexican cavalry charge the Texans
  • 01:24:54
    fought back house to house captured the
  • 01:24:56
    Stone Fort Sim's Tavern Thorn's store
  • 01:24:59
    and Robert's store forcing the Mexicans
  • 01:25:01
    back into their main forication and
  • 01:25:03
    ultimately driven away from the red
  • 01:25:05
    house where Colonel Pedas and his troops
  • 01:25:09
    evacuated and headed to San
  • 01:25:14
    Antonio and so there's a a marker in U
  • 01:25:17
    nacadas to this battle of um nacadas
  • 01:25:22
    1832
  • 01:25:24
    and um we'll come back to the to the
  • 01:25:26
    names here uh in a little bit um but
  • 01:25:30
    it's quite interesting the next day some
  • 01:25:33
    16 Texans including James Buie gave
  • 01:25:36
    Chase and skirmished with Mexican troops
  • 01:25:38
    at Buckshot Crossing on the Angelina
  • 01:25:40
    River Colonel Pedas hid in the home of
  • 01:25:44
    John Durst near present Douglas where
  • 01:25:47
    his men turned against him Captain
  • 01:25:49
    Francisco Medina took command from um
  • 01:25:53
    pedras and surrendered beas and his men
  • 01:25:57
    um who were then escorted back to
  • 01:25:59
    nacadas ASA Edwards a member of the
  • 01:26:03
    national militia and a name um
  • 01:26:06
    associated with that pronia Rebellion
  • 01:26:09
    that stepen F Austin had opposed in
  • 01:26:11
    18261 1827 transferred Colonel PES to
  • 01:26:15
    San felipa and handed it over to S
  • 01:26:17
    Steven F Austin Colonel Pedas was
  • 01:26:19
    paroled and headed to Mexico while Buie
  • 01:26:22
    marched uh pes's remaining soldiers to
  • 01:26:24
    San Antonio where they were discharged
  • 01:26:27
    in the aftermath of the battle Colonel
  • 01:26:29
    Pedas had lost 47 men who were killed
  • 01:26:32
    and around 40 wounded while three Texans
  • 01:26:34
    were killed and four wounded and just
  • 01:26:38
    down the list on the left hand side
  • 01:26:40
    there um among Texans killed in this
  • 01:26:44
    battle was a tahano named Don Francisco
  • 01:26:48
    incar Chirino a alal or city councilman
  • 01:26:53
    from Nao es and a descendant of the
  • 01:26:56
    Torino boys from loas the first one was
  • 01:26:59
    a was a lero chinos who was a servant in
  • 01:27:05
    the Ramon expedition of 1716 when Spang
  • 01:27:08
    was trying to take back e Texas for the
  • 01:27:10
    second time and um and then his sons
  • 01:27:14
    become soldiers at loas in 1735 there's
  • 01:27:18
    like six of them and some of them end up
  • 01:27:20
    at the San Antonio Garrison and others
  • 01:27:22
    at the load
  • 01:27:25
    and
  • 01:27:26
    um and so then you have the town of
  • 01:27:30
    Chino
  • 01:27:32
    Texas although pronounced locally as
  • 01:27:35
    Sharina and I went in thinking not
  • 01:27:38
    Shino like Sharina Texas located midway
  • 01:27:43
    between nacadas and San Augustine off
  • 01:27:45
    State Highway 21 along the old was named
  • 01:27:49
    for this Brave
  • 01:27:51
    theano and so when you drive in through
  • 01:27:54
    there and you go into these little
  • 01:27:56
    little towns in the back country you
  • 01:27:58
    know it's like you can't help but just
  • 01:28:00
    ask questions like who are these people
  • 01:28:02
    because you see MOA and cherino and IAD
  • 01:28:05
    and it's like well I knew people like
  • 01:28:07
    that growing up in San Antonio they were
  • 01:28:10
    my friends but you didn't really make
  • 01:28:12
    that connection um until much
  • 01:28:19
    later among the leaders of the national
  • 01:28:22
    militia and Veterans of the battle were
  • 01:28:24
    Vicente Cordova who served as one of the
  • 01:28:27
    captains as did bayy Anderson senior
  • 01:28:30
    Isaac Burton Hyatt Hanks Wyatt Hanks and
  • 01:28:34
    Frederick Mo followed by Lieutenant
  • 01:28:36
    Nathaniel Norris and the incense Antonio
  • 01:28:39
    machaka not Frank de hus Chaka um Juan
  • 01:28:43
    MAA and Odus
  • 01:28:47
    Aur and so you had in this battle these
  • 01:28:51
    individuals then who knew each other ahe
  • 01:28:54
    had many years of living on the Texas
  • 01:28:58
    Frontier as a late historian Archie
  • 01:29:01
    McDonald stated the Battle of Nacadoches
  • 01:29:03
    is an important lesser-known conflict
  • 01:29:07
    that cleared East Texas of military rule
  • 01:29:10
    and allowed the citizens to meet in
  • 01:29:12
    convention without military intervention
  • 01:29:15
    from Mexico City for the East Texas
  • 01:29:18
    tanos at Nacadoches having lived and
  • 01:29:21
    worked intimately with anglos over the
  • 01:29:22
    years on the frontier at Farmers Cowboys
  • 01:29:25
    or Soldiers the arrival of many new
  • 01:29:27
    immigrants in the 1820s and 1830s from
  • 01:29:30
    the United States tested their loyalties
  • 01:29:32
    beyond the Mexican Nation to the region
  • 01:29:35
    and to each other on the eve of the
  • 01:29:38
    Texas Revolution before the first shots
  • 01:29:40
    fired at Gonzalez in October 1835
  • 01:29:43
    anglo-americans surrounded tanos and the
  • 01:29:45
    newly created mun municipalities of San
  • 01:29:49
    Austine Sabine Tana Jasper and Red River
  • 01:29:55
    all carved out of the vast nacadas
  • 01:30:01
    district and so um the more Northern
  • 01:30:04
    ones don't show up on this map um but
  • 01:30:07
    you can see a few of them you can see
  • 01:30:09
    nadas you can see San Austine um and you
  • 01:30:13
    can
  • 01:30:17
    see um let's see over there to the East
  • 01:30:23
    and
  • 01:30:24
    Liberty is further down uh to the to the
  • 01:30:28
    South and um and so then you have all
  • 01:30:31
    these districts Liberty being created in
  • 01:30:35
    1731 um and uh and nacadas municipality
  • 01:30:40
    being created in 1831 and then the
  • 01:30:42
    others s Augustine 1834 and uh the rest
  • 01:30:46
    in
  • 01:30:48
    1835 historian Paul lack argues that a
  • 01:30:51
    nervous neutrality descended upon these
  • 01:30:54
    Texas Toano is because communities
  • 01:30:55
    Committees of violence and safety which
  • 01:30:58
    had formed in response to the rise of of
  • 01:31:00
    power of Santa Ana and has switched to
  • 01:31:03
    the centralist cause threatened
  • 01:31:04
    confiscation of property belonging to
  • 01:31:07
    anyone who refused to cooperate with
  • 01:31:09
    measures of the committee like
  • 01:31:11
    statements that urged a political break
  • 01:31:13
    with Mexico according to lack Captain
  • 01:31:16
    viente Cordova of the local militia
  • 01:31:18
    nadas made rhetorical appeal appeals to
  • 01:31:21
    God the law tradition tranquility
  • 01:31:24
    and preservation of property that
  • 01:31:26
    reflected mainstream conservative ideals
  • 01:31:29
    rather than an open political commitment
  • 01:31:31
    one way or another Captain Cordova
  • 01:31:33
    agreed not to resist the Texas
  • 01:31:36
    Revolution whose leaders did not insist
  • 01:31:39
    that too's figh in the war against other
  • 01:31:41
    Mexicans Cordova's militia in effect
  • 01:31:44
    became a permanent homeg
  • 01:31:46
    guard however by November
  • 01:31:49
    1835 Cordova ordered his company to
  • 01:31:52
    dissolve after the SE of bead had begun
  • 01:31:55
    and rebel Texan forces joined by tanos
  • 01:31:59
    and a few Mexican
  • 01:32:01
    Federalists fought General K's Mexican
  • 01:32:03
    troops in San Ana in San Antonio and the
  • 01:32:06
    Alamo apparently Cordova had grown
  • 01:32:10
    doubtful of the objective of the Texas
  • 01:32:13
    Revolution by early 1836 nacadas became
  • 01:32:16
    more divided than ever over the decision
  • 01:32:19
    of Texas leaders to move towards
  • 01:32:23
    independence altogether and abandoned
  • 01:32:25
    Mexican federalism East Texas tanos were
  • 01:32:28
    openly against the independence in March
  • 01:32:32
    which made them suspect among the angle
  • 01:32:34
    majority there were rumors since
  • 01:32:36
    December of the previous year that tanos
  • 01:32:38
    and eoas had planned a Revolt with Santa
  • 01:32:40
    Ana and the Cherokees which stoked
  • 01:32:42
    greater alarm when Mexican centralist
  • 01:32:44
    troops Advanced Eastward in April
  • 01:32:46
    meanwhile the uneasy peace at nacadas
  • 01:32:49
    was nearly destroyed after April 9th
  • 01:32:52
    when the local alal David Hoffman
  • 01:32:54
    notified residents of the requirement by
  • 01:32:57
    the Texas Convention of the previous
  • 01:32:59
    month for military conscription and that
  • 01:33:02
    East Texas tanos in particular should be
  • 01:33:04
    organized into a separate unit those
  • 01:33:07
    tanos who did not line up to serve were
  • 01:33:09
    to move to Louisiana something that they
  • 01:33:12
    had been familiar with or west of the
  • 01:33:17
    Brazos tanos did form a company but so
  • 01:33:20
    did around 250 anglo-american volunteers
  • 01:33:23
    who set about to disarm tanos by April
  • 01:33:27
    14th Cordova made it clear that any
  • 01:33:30
    confiscated weapons had to be returned
  • 01:33:32
    as evidence of Faith otherwise he
  • 01:33:34
    declared quote if the Mexicans are thus
  • 01:33:37
    to be treated and suspected I beg it may
  • 01:33:41
    be remembered that they have it in their
  • 01:33:43
    power if they are so disposed to do much
  • 01:33:46
    mischief and quote the local Texas
  • 01:33:50
    military commander um Aran accepted
  • 01:33:54
    Cordova's terms and his militia were
  • 01:33:56
    allowed to protect
  • 01:33:58
    nacadas by April 17th Just 4 days before
  • 01:34:02
    the Battle of San jento Commander Aran
  • 01:34:05
    wrote General Sam Houston that the
  • 01:34:07
    tahano militia at nades nacadas sorry
  • 01:34:10
    was ready to defend the country against
  • 01:34:14
    the Indians who are pillaging but will
  • 01:34:17
    not fight their countrymen in the
  • 01:34:20
    present instance in other words um that
  • 01:34:23
    they were of use to the Anglo Texans by
  • 01:34:26
    mentioning the fact that we you also
  • 01:34:29
    have uh Indians out there as well not
  • 01:34:31
    just Cherokees um but as one of the
  • 01:34:34
    sensus shows um there are also about 200
  • 01:34:36
    Chaka and there were about another 100
  • 01:34:39
    or so um band of of Catt
  • 01:34:43
    um not to mention out on the plains the
  • 01:34:50
    kames as lack notes while these Tex Tex
  • 01:34:53
    tanos did not rise in armed Rebellion
  • 01:34:57
    against the Texas cause in 1836 they
  • 01:35:00
    refused to support war against the
  • 01:35:02
    centralist government in me in Mexico
  • 01:35:04
    City and Santa
  • 01:35:07
    Ana that said however I would argue that
  • 01:35:10
    East Texas tanos also carried themselves
  • 01:35:13
    as their ancestors had done long before
  • 01:35:16
    Having learned from C neighbors to play
  • 01:35:19
    off both sides East Texas tanos were
  • 01:35:22
    skill for Frontier trade amongst any
  • 01:35:25
    racial or ethnic groups and intermarried
  • 01:35:28
    whenever such opportunities to expand
  • 01:35:30
    Commerce or ranching presented all the
  • 01:35:32
    while maintaining peaceful relations
  • 01:35:34
    despite the world closing in upon them
  • 01:35:37
    in other words as historian Raul Ramos
  • 01:35:41
    argues for tanos and San Antonio the
  • 01:35:43
    East Texas tanos had always been trying
  • 01:35:45
    to find the
  • 01:35:47
    balance on a frontier far from Mexico
  • 01:35:50
    City and so close to Louisiana
  • 01:35:54
    and like any good theano on the Texas
  • 01:35:57
    Frontier likely to disobey disent
  • 01:36:00
    government officials whose views did not
  • 01:36:02
    reflect the reality of their lives at
  • 01:36:04
    home and the desire for free trade God
  • 01:36:07
    land and Liberty whether that government
  • 01:36:10
    be Spanish Mexican or
  • 01:36:14
    American Texan or American whether David
  • 01:36:17
    Crockett or Jim Buie actually stopped at
  • 01:36:20
    Sim's home as recounted by Gray adiola
  • 01:36:23
    only reinforces the notion that
  • 01:36:25
    volunteers from the United States did
  • 01:36:27
    stop to rest eat and drink in East Texas
  • 01:36:30
    on their way to San Antonio and
  • 01:36:33
    interacted with tanos from Nacadoches
  • 01:36:35
    but more than that East Texas tanos
  • 01:36:39
    hedged their bets on the Texas
  • 01:36:41
    Revolution in case the new generation of
  • 01:36:44
    anglo-american immigrants turned against
  • 01:36:47
    them regardless of whether or not they
  • 01:36:49
    help to defeat San
  • 01:36:52
    Ana future research on anglos and their
  • 01:36:55
    children listed in the nacadas census of
  • 01:36:57
    1809 who
  • 01:37:00
    knew the East Texas Tano's best and
  • 01:37:03
    became comrades in arms at the Battle of
  • 01:37:06
    nacadas In
  • 01:37:09
    1832 as well as their business dealings
  • 01:37:11
    May reveal the possibility that at least
  • 01:37:13
    some East Texas anglos also hedge their
  • 01:37:17
    bets certainly the anglos listed in the
  • 01:37:20
    1835 Census records for the newly
  • 01:37:22
    created municipal ities of East Texas
  • 01:37:25
    also deserve closer scrutiny just like
  • 01:37:28
    the family backgrounds of Theos who were
  • 01:37:31
    truly texting to the coure and so then
  • 01:37:35
    the slides that I have that follow um I
  • 01:37:38
    just started going through the Census
  • 01:37:40
    records um that I've had with me in my
  • 01:37:44
    possession for probably 10 or 12 years
  • 01:37:46
    and I said someday I want to get to
  • 01:37:48
    1830s I get out of the 18th century um
  • 01:37:52
    but what's amazing is is is how um when
  • 01:37:55
    you look at these lists um the first uh
  • 01:37:59
    like the first six Census records you
  • 01:38:02
    end
  • 01:38:03
    up that's my timer um you end
  • 01:38:08
    up noticing that there are various um
  • 01:38:13
    different um Census records and you have
  • 01:38:17
    uh uh in this first one the census for
  • 01:38:19
    nacadas this is where the where the
  • 01:38:21
    Theos were the
  • 01:38:24
    madas um you see 668 total
  • 01:38:28
    residents majority of the families are
  • 01:38:31
    Hispanic uh 37 servants and among among
  • 01:38:35
    those servants there were four that that
  • 01:38:36
    had Hispanic surnames but you have the
  • 01:38:39
    one moras Antonio Manaka Jose anel
  • 01:38:42
    Chirino even Miguel de los Santos Koy
  • 01:38:45
    which is connected to um Trinidad and
  • 01:38:47
    his brother Antonio deos Santos Koy from
  • 01:38:49
    San Antonio but you also have um anglos
  • 01:38:53
    that are settled there right there in
  • 01:38:55
    nacadas among them and uh including
  • 01:38:58
    Henry ruag um who actually is an
  • 01:39:00
    immigrant from Switzerland and adula
  • 01:39:03
    Stern who was a merchant from Germany
  • 01:39:07
    and apparently whose uh father was Jew
  • 01:39:09
    and his mother was um Lutheran and um
  • 01:39:13
    Allan and his brothers from New York or
  • 01:39:15
    Roberts from Virginia or Rus from South
  • 01:39:19
    Carolina and so they were among these
  • 01:39:22
    tanos in
  • 01:39:24
    nadas and you end up seeing as well
  • 01:39:28
    another census um that has maybe a few
  • 01:39:32
    names that overlap with the previous
  • 01:39:33
    slide I showed you um but the majority
  • 01:39:36
    also Hispanic and so you see Jose De
  • 01:39:41
    Santos that wasn't originally part of
  • 01:39:43
    loas but um basically what happened was
  • 01:39:47
    that in the aftermath of the Louisiana
  • 01:39:50
    Purchase of
  • 01:39:52
    1803 you had Spain having tried to
  • 01:39:54
    establish defensive settlements and so
  • 01:39:57
    um some of the and especially on the the
  • 01:39:59
    Trinity River and so some of these um um
  • 01:40:02
    names that appear as Theos later um they
  • 01:40:05
    came out of these um uh generation the
  • 01:40:09
    of the Spanish troops that were
  • 01:40:11
    established around the time of the
  • 01:40:13
    Louisiana Purchase and
  • 01:40:16
    um and Manuel cherino Teresa MOA but you
  • 01:40:20
    also have interestingly enough Ariola
  • 01:40:22
    Caron on Cordova Gonzalez Rodriguez and
  • 01:40:26
    an Anglo sample as well and again seeing
  • 01:40:29
    these names there even of vente melli
  • 01:40:31
    who is a merchant from Italy who ended
  • 01:40:33
    up becoming a land Speculator and
  • 01:40:35
    acquiring ranches beginning in the
  • 01:40:39
    1790s um had requested permission to
  • 01:40:42
    establish a cotton gin in San Antonio in
  • 01:40:45
    1804
  • 01:40:46
    um so you you're beginning to see um
  • 01:40:50
    immigrants who are settling in and
  • 01:40:52
    amongst the tanos in nadas and then when
  • 01:40:55
    I was looking for the name of visenta
  • 01:40:57
    Cordova um I guess it would only be
  • 01:40:59
    natural that he would be east of town uh
  • 01:41:01
    to to a toak but why he's the only one
  • 01:41:04
    listed on this particular census I don't
  • 01:41:07
    know um but nonetheless um and his
  • 01:41:11
    occupation is not listed as well
  • 01:41:16
    um but we continue then and I'm just
  • 01:41:18
    kind of go through this to kind of speed
  • 01:41:20
    up the process we have Southwest of
  • 01:41:22
    nacadas
  • 01:41:24
    um we have then Northwest of
  • 01:41:28
    nacadas and then we have the berry
  • 01:41:31
    settlement uh um which is also um
  • 01:41:35
    reported along with
  • 01:41:38
    nacadas and we keep
  • 01:41:42
    going and you see then from west to
  • 01:41:47
    Angelina except now you're talking about
  • 01:41:49
    um mostly um Anglo families
  • 01:41:54
    and um a higher number of um um
  • 01:41:57
    African-Americans who are listed as
  • 01:41:59
    Negal in the Spanish Census records and
  • 01:42:01
    translated as black and um and you do
  • 01:42:04
    have some tanos who are present there as
  • 01:42:07
    well and you'll notice the names of
  • 01:42:10
    Durst at the
  • 01:42:12
    bottom and so we keep going then it's
  • 01:42:15
    like there's the Williams settlement uh
  • 01:42:17
    near Nacadoches which is um all Ang
  • 01:42:21
    except for one too and a mixed um couple
  • 01:42:25
    of Anglo and Hispanic um and so then we
  • 01:42:30
    get to then San Austine and San
  • 01:42:33
    Augustine established as as a
  • 01:42:35
    municipality in
  • 01:42:37
    1834 um you see no tanos who are settled
  • 01:42:41
    there but what's interesting here is
  • 01:42:44
    that the category for religion um is
  • 01:42:46
    listed unlike it was for nacadas and
  • 01:42:50
    although overwhelmingly listed as
  • 01:42:52
    Catholic they are more nominally
  • 01:42:53
    Catholic because um and in this
  • 01:42:55
    particular instance um it just says one
  • 01:42:57
    Protestant and one Universalist but as
  • 01:43:00
    we see through um the next census and
  • 01:43:03
    why it's separated again although and
  • 01:43:05
    there's not much overlap is you end up
  • 01:43:08
    having um Baptists and methodists who
  • 01:43:11
    are also listed as well um and um and so
  • 01:43:14
    then uh perhaps then you're talking
  • 01:43:17
    about uh anglos who are um nominally
  • 01:43:21
    Catholic but in actuality they are
  • 01:43:23
    methodists and Baptists and in the case
  • 01:43:25
    of the Spanish Empire of the new world
  • 01:43:26
    it wasn't uncommon that say if you were
  • 01:43:29
    peblo Indian uh if you were um Spanish
  • 01:43:32
    six days of the uh you know one day of
  • 01:43:34
    the week on Sunday the rest of the week
  • 01:43:36
    you were Pueblo um or if you were a Jew
  • 01:43:39
    and you were expelled the result of the
  • 01:43:41
    Inquisition you be you were a conver and
  • 01:43:44
    um you ended up becoming spartic and we
  • 01:43:47
    don't even really know that story or
  • 01:43:49
    discuss that story but the fact of the
  • 01:43:51
    matter is that
  • 01:43:54
    um this issue then of religion is is
  • 01:43:57
    interesting because it's not so much
  • 01:43:59
    just from this American perspective from
  • 01:44:02
    but from the Mexican perspective the
  • 01:44:04
    holy Office of the Inquisition wasn't
  • 01:44:06
    fully finally dissolved until
  • 01:44:09
    1820 and so then um with the rise of
  • 01:44:13
    this liberalism of this federalism
  • 01:44:15
    versus centralism and the rise of
  • 01:44:17
    liberalism and versus liberals versus
  • 01:44:19
    conservative not only in Mexico but
  • 01:44:21
    across Latin America you have the
  • 01:44:23
    beginnings of this um advance of um a
  • 01:44:28
    another Frontier contending um a the
  • 01:44:32
    Catholic church that was concerned in
  • 01:44:34
    the 1830s within this Con context of the
  • 01:44:37
    Civil War in Mexico of losing their fos
  • 01:44:40
    their their special
  • 01:44:42
    privileges that the military also had
  • 01:44:45
    and this was a constant struggle for
  • 01:44:47
    Mexico um as a matter of fact against
  • 01:44:50
    the church until 1929 when they finally
  • 01:44:53
    called the
  • 01:44:54
    truce and so there's another element in
  • 01:44:56
    here that is quite quite fascinating um
  • 01:45:00
    but for the most part then uh you have
  • 01:45:04
    other municipalities being
  • 01:45:06
    established and that's it okay and I
  • 01:45:10
    couldn't stop I couldn't stop going
  • 01:45:13
    through the Census records and so
  • 01:45:18
    um thank you very much
  • 01:45:33
    I thought of four or five things I
  • 01:45:34
    wanted to say about East Texas uh while
  • 01:45:36
    Francis was speaking but I'll defer um
  • 01:45:40
    just before we take our break now let me
  • 01:45:42
    please urge you to be back before 11:15
  • 01:45:46
    because we're going to begin right on
  • 01:45:48
    time but uh first I want to uh give
  • 01:45:52
    Professor Angelina AO uh about 2 minutes
  • 01:45:55
    to explain the questionnaire that you
  • 01:45:57
    received from her and her colleagues
  • 01:45:59
    today uh and then we'll take our break
  • 01:46:02
    and be back promptly before
  • 01:46:10
    11:15 good morning everyone oh that's
  • 01:46:13
    loud further away okay good morning um
  • 01:46:17
    right now I'm it helps if you don't
  • 01:46:18
    touch it with a private effort right now
  • 01:46:21
    in Austin Texas we're trying to get a
  • 01:46:23
    statue made in honor of Lorenzo deala
  • 01:46:25
    and the questionnaire in front of you is
  • 01:46:28
    the half a page it should be yellow in
  • 01:46:29
    color uh we are trying to get feedback
  • 01:46:34
    if first Lorenzo disal is a good choice
  • 01:46:37
    and second um if we could get a second
  • 01:46:40
    possible statue uh who do you think
  • 01:46:43
    would be the best person to represent uh
  • 01:46:46
    Founding Father of the Texas Republic
  • 01:46:49
    and when you have uh filled out your
  • 01:46:52
    forms
  • 01:46:53
    um please uh leave them at the table in
  • 01:46:55
    the front uh so far uh good news you
  • 01:46:59
    know we're only uh needing uh feedback
  • 01:47:01
    from our area here in this part of the
  • 01:47:04
    state Brownsville and El Paso otherwise
  • 01:47:07
    we've had feedback from everyone so far
  • 01:47:09
    it's been very positive um and many
  • 01:47:13
    historical associations have been on
  • 01:47:14
    board and hopefully we'll be doing well
  • 01:47:16
    uh word on the capital is um the good
  • 01:47:19
    news
  • 01:47:21
    is sorry
  • 01:47:24
    if we're not able to get it directly in
  • 01:47:27
    the building then we can get it in the
  • 01:47:29
    uh library with Lorenzo Deal's name but
  • 01:47:34
    like I said we just need to have
  • 01:47:36
    feedback and support as long as we have
  • 01:47:38
    enough people who are interested in this
  • 01:47:40
    then we can make this happen so uh
  • 01:47:42
    please uh do uh give your response thank
  • 01:47:45
    you so much for your
  • 01:47:46
    time thank you Lorenzo deala is of
  • 01:47:49
    course the name on the state archives of
  • 01:47:51
    Texas also lenzo desala Jr was a
  • 01:47:54
    prominent citizen of Houston uh in the
  • 01:47:57
    early years of the Texas Republic and
  • 01:47:59
    you saw him although you might not have
  • 01:48:01
    recognized him in that picture of the
  • 01:48:03
    surrender of Santana uh at San jento he
  • 01:48:06
    was one of the translators uh so uh this
  • 01:48:10
    has been uh wonderful so far thank you
  • 01:48:12
    for your patience and attention take a
  • 01:48:14
    break and we'll start promptly at 11:15
  • 01:49:21
    e
  • 01:49:51
    e
  • 01:50:21
    e e
Tags
  • Texas History
  • San Jacinto Symposium
  • Tejanos
  • Texas Revolution
  • Cultural Narratives
  • Historical Accuracy
  • Educational Initiative
  • Battle of San Jacinto
  • Anglo-American Relations
  • Public Awareness